18984/91
WyrokETPCz1995-09-27ECLI:CE:ECHR:1995:0927JUD001898491
Analiza orzeczenia
Sekcja wygenerowana przez AI na podstawie treści orzeczenia — nie stanowi cytatu.
Zagadnienie prawne
Czy zabicie trzech podejrzanych o terroryzm przez siły bezpieczeństwa stanowiło naruszenie prawa do życia z art. 2 Konwencji, w szczególności czy użycie siły było absolutnie konieczne?Ratio decidendi
Trybunał uznał, że art. 2 Konwencji, gwarantujący prawo do życia, musi być interpretowany ściśle, a użycie siły prowadzące do pozbawienia życia jest dopuszczalne tylko wtedy, gdy jest "absolutnie konieczne". W niniejszej sprawie, choć Trybunał przyjął, że żołnierze SAS działali w szczerym przekonaniu o konieczności użycia siły w celu zapobieżenia detonacji bomby, to jednak całościowe planowanie i kontrola operacji przez władze były wadliwe. Władze nie zapobiegły wjazdowi podejrzanych do Gibraltaru, nie uwzględniły wystarczająco możliwości, że ich oceny wywiadowcze mogą być błędne, a także przekazały żołnierzom hipotezy jako pewniki, co uczyniło użycie siły śmiercionośnej niemal nieuniknionym. Brak marginesu błędu w połączeniu z przeszkoleniem żołnierzy do "strzelania w celu zabicia" doprowadził do wniosku, że użycie siły nie było "absolutnie konieczne".Stan faktyczny
W 1988 roku IRA planowała atak bombowy w Gibraltarze. Trzech podejrzanych terrorystów (Daniel McCann, Mairead Farrell, Sean Savage) zostało wysłanych do Gibraltaru i było pod obserwacją brytyjskich sił bezpieczeństwa. Na podstawie informacji wywiadowczych, władze sądziły, że terroryści mają przy sobie zdalnie sterowaną bombę samochodową i są uzbrojeni. Podczas próby aresztowania, żołnierze SAS zastrzelili wszystkich trzech podejrzanych. Późniejsze śledztwo wykazało, że terroryści nie byli uzbrojeni, nie mieli przy sobie detonatorów, a w zaparkowanym przez nich samochodzie nie było bomby. Bomba z zapalnikami czasowymi została znaleziona w innym samochodzie w Hiszpanii. Krajowe postępowanie (inquest) w Gibraltarze uznało zabójstwa za legalne.Rozstrzygnięcie
Trybunał stwierdza, dziesięcioma głosami do dziewięciu, że doszło do naruszenia art. 2 Konwencji. Trybunał oddala jednogłośnie wnioski skarżących o odszkodowanie.Pełny tekst orzeczenia
7
12.
McCANN A INÍ
proti SPOJENÉMU KRÁ¼OVSTVU
rozsudok
Európskeho súdu pre ¾udské práva
z 27. septembra 1995
(Na preklad sa pouil
originálny rozsudok Európskeho súdu pre ¾udské práva 17/1994/464/545)
Preklad: JUDr Robert Fico, CSc.
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
CHARAKTERISTIKA SANOSTI
NAJVÝZNAMNEJIE PRÁVNE VETY
1. Text èlánku 2 Dohovoru ako celok demontruje, e odsek 2 primárne
nedefinuje prípady, kedy je povolené úmyselne zabi osobu, ale opisuje
situácie, kedy je povolené poui silu, ktorej výsledkom môe by ako
nezamý¾aný výsledok zbavenie ivota. Avak pouitie sily nesmie by
väèie ne absolútne nevyhnutné na dosiahnutie jedného z úèelov
uvedených v písmenách a), b) alebo c).
V roku 1988 Írska republikánska armáda (IRA) naplánovala bombový
útok proti vojakom Spojeného krá¾ovstva umiestneným v Gibraltári. Na
tento úèel IRA vyslala do Gibraltáru troch teroristov, ktorých od vstupu na
územie Gibraltáru sledovala gibraltárska polícia a peciálna vojenská jed-
notka Spojeného krá¾ovstva. Na základe prijatých hypotéz sa na útok mala
poui na dia¾ku odpa¾ovaná bomba uloená v automobile, ktorý bol za-
parkovaný na kritickom mieste. Rovnako sa predpokladalo, e teroristi bu-
dú ozbrojení a v prípade konfrontácie pouijú násilie.
2. Pouitie pojmu absolútne nevyhnutný v èlánku 2 ods. 2 Dohovoru
naznaèuje, e sa musí poui ove¾a prísnejí a vynutite¾nejí test nevy-
hnutnosti, ne sa bene pouíva, keï sa urèuje, èi konanie tátu je ne-
vyhnutné v demokratickej spoloènosti pod¾a ods. 2 èlánkov 8 a 11 Do-
hovoru. Pouitá sila musí by najmä striktne proporciálna k dosiahnu-
tiu cie¾ov uvedených v èlánku 2 ods. 2 písm. a), b) a c).
Pri zatýkaní vojaci peciálnej jednotky vetkých troch teroristov z bez-
prostrednej blízkosti zastrelili. Ako sa ukázalo poèas vyetrovania, teroristi
neboli ozbrojení, nemali pri sebe iadne odpa¾ovacie zariadenie a v podo-
zrivom odparkovanom automobile nebola nijaká výbunina. Polícia odhali-
la ve¾ké mnostvo výbunín a odpa¾ovacie zariadenia v inom automobile
zaparkovanom v podzemnom parkovisku. Výbunina nebola aktivizovaná,
ale zastrelení teroristi mali pri sebe k¾úèe od tohto automobilu.
3. Súd pri hodnotení èlánku 2 Dohovoru musí zbavenia ivota ve¾mi opa-
trne preskúma, najmä ak sa pouila úmyselná smrtiaca sila, berúc do
úvahy nielen èiny agentov tátu, ktorí skutoène pouívajú silu, ale aj
vetky prísluné okolnosti vrátane takých záleitostí, ako je plánovanie
a kontrola preskúmavaných èinov.
Súd sa v danom prípade zaoberal otázkou, èi postup vojakov pri zatýka-
ní poruil èlánok 2 Dohovoru zaruèujúci kadému právo na ivot.
4. Pouitie sily agentmi tátu v súlade s jedným z cie¾ov uvedených v èlán-
ku 2 ods. 2 Dohovoru mono pod¾a tohto ustanovenia ospravedlni, ak
je zaloené na úprimnej viere, ktorá sa z rozumných dôvodov povauje
za existujúcu v danom èase, ale ktorá sa potom ukáe chybná. Iné roz-
hodnutie by na tát a jeho personál vykonávajúci zákony uloilo pri vý-
kone ich povinností nereálnu archu, azda na kodu ich ivotov a ivo-
tov iných.
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS September 1995
EURÓPSKY SÚD PRE ¼UDSKÉ PRÁVA
27. septembra 1995
PRÍPAD McCANN A INÍ
CASE OF McCANN AND OTHERS
ROZSUDOK
JUDGMENT
(krátené)
(abridged)
V prípade McCann a iní proti Spojenému krá¾ovstvu
Európsky súd pre ¾udské práva, zasadajúc v súlade s pravidlom 51 Rokova-
cieho poriadku Súdu A vo ve¾kej komore zloenej z týchto sudcov:
In the case of McCann and Others v. the United Kingdom,
The European Court of Human Rights, sitting, pursuant to Rule 51 of
Rules of Court A, as a Grand Chamber composed of the following judges:
R. RYSSDAL, prezident,
R. BERNHARDT,
THÓR VILHJÁLMSSON,
F. GÖLCÜKLÜ,
C. RUSSO,
Mr R. RYSSDAL, President,
Mr R. BERNHARDT,
Mr THÓR VILHJÁLMSSON,
Mr F. GÖLCÜKLÜ,
Mr C. RUSSO,
Mr A. SPIELMANN,
Mr N. VALTICOS,
Mrs E. PALM,
A. SPIELMANN,
N. VALTICOS,
E. PALMOVÁ,
R. PEKKANEN,
J. M. MORENILLA,
Sir JOHN FREELAND,
A. B. BAKA,
Mr R. PEKKANEN,
Mr J. M. MORENILLA,
Sir JOHN FREELAND,
Mr A.B. BAKA,
M. A. LOPES ROCHA,
G. MIFSUD BONNICI,
J. MAKARCZYK,
B. REPIK,
Mr M. A. LOPES ROCHA,
Mr G. MIFSUD BONNICI,
Mr J. MAKARCZYK,
Mr B. REPIK,
P. JAMBREK,
Mr P. JAMBREK,
P. KURIS,
Mr P. KURIS,
U. LOHMUS,
Mr U. LOHMUS,
ako aj H. PETZOLD, registrátor,
and also of Mr H. PETZOLD, Registrar,
radiac sa na neverejnom zasadnutí 20. februára a 5. septembra 1995,
vynáa tento rozsudok, ktorý bol prijatý v posledne uvedenom dni:
Having deliberated in private on 20 February and 5 September 1995,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the last-
mentioned date:
...
...
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
AS TO THE FACTS
K FAKTOM
...
...
I. PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE
I. OSOBITNÉ OKOLNOSTI PRÍPADU
13. Before 4 March 1988, and probably from at least the beginning of
13. Pred 4. marcom 1988 a pravdepodobne u na zaèiatku tohto roka sa
orgány Spojeného krá¾ovstva, panielska a Gibraltáru dozvedeli, e doèas-
ná IRA (Írska republikánska armáda IRA) plánuje v Gibraltári teroris-
tický útok. Zo spravodajskej sluby a zo zistení gibraltárskej polície vyplý-
valo, e cie¾om mala by nástupná plocha june od Ince´s Hall, kde krá¾ov-
ský anglický regiment zvyèajne nastupoval, aby kadý utorok o 11.00 hod.
uskutoènil výmenu stráí.
the year, the United Kingdom, Spanish and Gibraltar authorities were
aware that the Provisional IRA (Irish Republican Army IRA) were plan-
ning a terrorist attack on Gibraltar. It appeared from the intelligence recei-
ved and from observations made by the Gibraltar police that the target was
to be the assembly area south of Inces Hall where the Royal Anglian Regi-
ment usually assembled to carry out the changing of the guard every Tues-
day at 11.00 hours.
14. Prior to 4 March 1988, an advisory group was formed to advise and
assist Mr Joseph Canepa, the Gibraltar Commissioner of Police (the
Commissioner). It consisted of Soldier F (senior military adviser and offi-
cer in the Special Air Service or SAS), Soldier E (SAS attack commander),
Soldier G (bomb-disposal adviser), Mr Colombo (Acting Deputy Commis-
sioner of Police), Detective Chief Inspector Ullger, attached to Special
Branch, and Security Service officers...
14. Pred 4. marcom 1988 sa vytvorila poradná skupina na pomoc a po-
radenstvo Josephovi Canepovi, gibraltárskemu policajnému komisárovi
(komisár). Skupinu tvorili vojak F (starí vojenský poradca a dôstojník
peciálnej leteckej sluby SAS), vojak E (útoèný velite¾ SAS), vojak G
(poradca na pouívanie výbunín), Colombo (výkonný zástupca policajné-
ho komisára), detektív hlavný inpektor Ullger, pridelený k peciálnemu
odboru, a dôstojníci bezpeènostnej sluby...
A. Military rules of engagement
A. Vojenské pravidlá zásahu
15. Soldier F and his group, including Soldier E and a number of other
SAS soldiers, had arrived in Gibraltar prior to 4 March 1988. Preliminary
briefings had been conducted by the Ministry of Defence in London.
According to the military rules of engagement (entitled Rules of Engage-
ment for the Military Commander in Operation Flavius) issued to Soldier
F by the Ministry of Defence, the purpose of the military forces being in
Gibraltar was to assist the Gibraltar police to arrest the IRA active service
unit (ASU) should the police request such military intervention. The
rules also instructed F to operate as directed by the Commissioner.
15. Vojak F a jeho skupina vrátane vojaka E a ïalích vojakov SAS prili
do Gibraltáru pred 4. marcom 1988. Predbené intruktáe vykonalo mi-
nisterstvo obrany v Londýne. Pod¾a vojenských pravidiel zásahu (nazva-
ných Pravidlá zásahu v operácii Flavius pre vojenského velite¾a) vydaných
ministerstvom obrany vojakovi F bolo úèelom prítomnosti vojenských síl v
Gibraltári pomôc gibraltárskej polícii zatknú aktívnu sluobnú jednotku
IRA (ASU), ak polícia o takýto vojenský zásah poiada. Pravidlá rovnako
ukladali vojakovi F kona tak, ako to nariadi komisár.
16. The rules also specified the circumstances in which the use of force
by the soldiers would be permissible as follows:
16. Pravidlá rovnako pecifikovali okolnosti, za ktorých bolo povolené,
aby vojaci pouili silu, a to takto:
Use of force
Pouitie sily
4. You and your men will not use force unless requested to do so by the senior
police officer(s) designated by the Gibraltar Police Commissioner; or unless it is
necessary to do so in order to protect life. You and your men are not then to use
more force than is necessary in order to protect life...
4. Vy a Vai mui nepouijete silu, iba ak by o to poiadal starí policajný dôstoj-
ník (dôstojníci) urèený gibraltárskym policajným komisárom; alebo iba ak by to
bolo nevyhnutné na ochranu ivota. Vy a Vai mui nepouijú potom viac sily,
ne je nevyhnutné na ochranu ivota...
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
Opening fire
Zaèatie stre¾by
5. You and your men may only open fire against a person if you or they have
reasonable grounds for believing that he/she is currently committing, or is about
to commit, an action which is likely to endanger your or their lives, or the life of
any other person, and if there is no other way to prevent this.
5. Vy a Vai mui môete zaèa strie¾a proti osobe len vtedy, ak budete ma
dostatoèné dôvody domnieva sa, e osoba pácha alebo spácha skutok, ktorý mô-
e ohrozi Vás alebo ivoty Vaich muov, alebo ivot akejko¾vek osoby, a ak ne-
existuje iný spôsob, ako tomu zabráni.
Firing without warning
Stre¾ba bez varovania
6. You and your men may fire without warning if the giving of a warning or any
delay in firing could lead to death or injury to you or them or any other person,
or if the giving of a warning is clearly impracticable.
6. Vy a Vai mui môete strie¾a bez varovania, ak by varovanie alebo zdra-
nie v stre¾be mohlo vies k smrti alebo k zraneniu Vás alebo Vaich muov, alebo
inej osoby alebo ak varovanie je zjavne neuskutoènite¾né.
Warning before firing
Varovanie pred stre¾bou
7. If the circumstances in paragraph 6 do not apply, a warning is necessary befo-
re firing. The warning is to be as clear as possible and is to include a direction to
surrender and a clear warning that fire will be opened if the direction is not
obeyed.
7. Pokia¾ nenastanú okolnosti uvedené v odseku 6, varovanie pred stre¾bou je ne-
vyhnutné. Varovanie musí by také zrete¾né, ako je to len moné, a musí zahà-
òa pokyn vzda sa a zrete¾né varovanie, e sa zaène strie¾a, ak sa pokyn neu-
poslúchne.
B. Operational order of the Commissioner
B. Operaèný príkaz komisára
17. The operational order of the Commissioner, which was drawn up on
17. Operaèný príkaz komisára, ktorý bol vydaný 5. marca 1988, uvádzal,
e je podozrenie, e sa plánuje teroristický útok v Gibraltári a e ve¾mi
pravdepodobným cie¾om bude skupina a strá prvého bataliónu krá¾ovské-
ho anglického regimentu poèas slávnostnej výmeny stráí v Ince´s Hall 8.
marca 1988. V príkaze sa uvádzalo, e existovali náznaky, e pouitou me-
tódou majú by výbuniny, pravdepodobne pouitie bomby v aute. Ako
cie¾ operácie sa potom uvádzalo March 1988, stated that it was suspected that a terrorist attack was plan-
ned in Gibraltar and that the target was highly probably the band and
guard of the First Battalion of the Royal Anglian Regiment during a cere-
monial changing of the guard at Inces Hall on 8 March 1988. It stated
that there were indications that the method to be used is by means of
explosives, probably using a car bomb. The intention of the operation was
then stated to be
(a) to protect life;
(b) to foil the attempt;
(c) to arrest the offenders;
(d) the securing and safe custody of the prisoners.
a) chráni ivot,
b) zmari pokus,
c) zatknú páchate¾ov,
d) zabezpeèi a bezpeène uväzni väzòov.
18. ...It was also stated that the suspects were to be arrested by using
minimum force, that they were to be disarmed and that evidence was to be
gathered for a court trial...
18. ...Rovnako sa uvádzalo, e podozriví majú by zatknutí s pouitím
minimálnej sily, e majú by odzbrojení a e sa majú získa dôkazy pre súd-
ny proces...
...
...
E. First sighting of the suspects in Spain on 4 March 1988
E. Prvé spozorovanie podozrivých v panielsku 4. marca 1988
21. On 4 March 1988, there was a reported sighting of the ASU in Mala-
ga in Spain. As the Commissioner was not sure how or when they would
come to Gibraltar surveillance was mounted.
21. Dòa 4. marca 1988 bolo hlásené spozorovanie ASU v Malage v pa-
nielsku. Keïe komisár si nebol istý, ako alebo kedy podozriví prídu do
Gibraltáru, pripravilo sa sledovanie.
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
F. Operational briefing on 5 March 1988
F. Operaèná intruktá 5. marca 1988
22. At midnight between 5 and 6 March 1988, the Commissioner held a
22. O polnoci z 5. na 6. marca 1988 komisár viedol intruktá, na ktorej
sa zúèastnili dôstojníci z bezpeènostných sluieb (vrátane svedkov H, I, J, K,
L, M a N zo sledovacieho tímu), vojenský personál (vrátane vojakov A, B, C,
D, E, F a G) a èlenovia gibraltárskej polície (dôstojníci P, Q a R a detektív
hlavný inpektor Ullger, vedúci peciálneho odboru, ako aj detektív Via-
gas)...
briefing which was attended by officers from the Security Services (inclu-
ding from the surveillance team Witnesses H, I, J, K, L, M and N), military
personnel (including Soldiers A, B, C, D, E, F and G) and members of the
Gibraltar police (Officers P, Q and R and Detective Chief Inspector Ullger,
Head of Special Branch, and Detective Constable Viagas)...
23. The briefing... included inter alia the following assessments:
23. Intruktá... obsahovala medziiným tieto hodnotenia:
a) the IRA intended to attack the changing of the guard ceremony in the
assembly area outside Inces Hall on the morning of Tuesday 8 March
1988;
a) IRA mieni zaútoèi na ceremoniál výmeny strái na nástupnej ploche
pred Ince´s Hall v utorok ráno 8. marca 1988;
b) an ASU of three would be sent to carry out the attack, consisting of
Daniel McCann, Sean Savage and a third member, later positively iden-
tified as Mairead Farrell. McCann had been previously convicted and
sentenced to two years imprisonment for possession of explosives.
Farrell had previously been convicted and sentenced to fourteen years
imprisonment for causing explosions. She was known during her time
in prison to have been the acknowledged leader of the IRA wing of
prisoners. Savage was described as an expert bomb-maker. Photographs
were shown of the three suspects;
b) na uskutoènenie útoku bola vyslaná trojèlenná akèná sluobná jednot-
ka pozostávajúca z Daniela McCanna, Seana Savagea a tretieho èlena,
neskôr pozitívne indentifikovaného ako Mairead Farrellová. McCann
bol v minulosti odsúdený a potrestaný na dva roky väzenia za dranie
výbunín. Farrellová bola v minulosti odsúdená a potrestaná na trnás
rokov väzenia za explózie. Poèas jej pobytu vo väzení bolo o nej známe,
e sa stala uznávanou vodkyòou krídla väzòov IRA. Savage bol opísaný
ako expert na výrobu bômb. Boli ukázané fotografie troch podozrivých;
c) the three individuals were believed to be dangerous terrorists who
would almost certainly be armed and who, if confronted by security
forces, would be likely to use their weapons;
d) the attack would be by way of a car bomb. It was believed that the bomb
would be brought across the border in a vehicle and that it would rema-
in hidden inside the vehicle;
c) tri osoby sa povaovali za nebezpeèných teroristov, ktorí budú takmer
naisto ozbrojení a ktorí, ak sa stretnú s bezpeènostnými silami, pravde-
podobne pouijú svoje zbrane;
d) útok sa uskutoèní bombou v aute. Usudzovalo sa, e bomba bude pre-
vezená cez hranice v automobile a e zostane ukrytá vo vnútri automo-
bilu;
e) the possibility that a blocking car i.e. a car not containing a bomb
but parked in the assembly area in order to reserve a space for the car
containing the bomb would be used had been considered, but was
thought unlikely.
e) zvaovala sa monos, e sa pouije blokujúce auto, t. j. auto neobsa-
hujúce bombu, ale parkujúce na nástupnej ploche, aby rezervovalo
miesto pre auto obsahujúce bombu, ale posúdilo sa to ako nepravdepo-
dobné.
...
...
1. Mode of detonation of bomb
1. Spôsob detonácie bomby
24. Various methods of detonation of the bomb were mentioned at the
briefing: by timing device, by RCIED (radio-controlled improvised explosi-
ve device) and by command wire. This last option which required placing a
bomb connected to a detonator by a wire was discounted as impracticable
in the circumstances. The use of a timer was, according to O, considered
highly unlikely in light of the recent IRA explosion of a bomb by timer
device at Enniskillen which had resulted in a high number of civilian ca-
sualties. Use of a remote-control device was considered to be far more likely
since it was safer from the point of view of the terrorist who could get away
24. Na intruktái sa uviedli viaceré spôsoby detonácie bomby: èasovým
zariadením, RCIED (improvizovaným dia¾kovo ovládaným výbuným za-
riadením) a ovládacím káblom. Táto posledná monos, ktorá vyadovala
umiestnenie bomby spojenej s detonátorom káblom, sa vylúèila ako neus-
kutoènite¾ná za daných okolností. Pouitie èasovaèa vojak O posúdil ako
ve¾mi nepravdepodobné vzh¾adom na nedávnu explóziu bomby IRA pros-
tredníctvom èasového zariadenia v Enniskillene, ktorá mala za následok
ve¾ký poèet zranených a màtvych civilistov. Pouitie zariadenia na dia¾kové
ovládanie sa povaovalo za ove¾a pravdepodobnejie, keïe bolo bezpeènej-
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
from the bomb before it exploded and was more controllable than a timer
which once activated was virtually impossible to stop.
ie z poh¾adu teroristu, ktorý sa mohol vzdiali od bomby, skôr ako explo-
dovala, a bolo aj kontrolovate¾nejie ako èasovaè, ktorý keï je aktivizovaný,
prakticky nemono zastavi.
...
...
26. The military witnesses in contrast appear to have been convinced
that it would certainly be a remote-control device. Soldier F made no
mention of a timer but stated that they were briefed that it was to be a
button job, that is, radio-controlled so that the bomb could be detona-
ted at the press of a button...
26. Vojenskí svedkovia sa naopak zdali by presvedèení, e to urèite bu-
de zariadenie na dia¾kové ovládanie. Vojak F nespomenul èasovaè, ale uvie-
dol, e mali intruktá, e to bude tlaèidlová práca, t. j. na dia¾ku ovlá-
daná, take bombu mono odpáli stlaèením tlaèidla...
...
...
2. Possibility that the terrorists would detonate the bomb if confronted
2. Monos, e teroristi odpália bombu, ak budú napadnutí
28. Soldier O stated that it was considered that, if the means of detona-
tion was by radio control, it was possible that the suspects might, if
confronted, seek to detonate the device.
28. Vojak O uviedol, e sa usudzovalo, ak spôsobom odpálenia bude
dia¾kové ovládanie, e je moné, e podozriví sa môu pokúsi odpáli za-
riadenie, ak budú napadnutí.
Soldier F also recalled that the assessment was that any one of the three
could be carrying a device...
Vojak F taktie uviedol, e pod¾a odhadu mohol ktorýko¾vek z troch
podozrivých nies zariadenie...
...
...
G. Events on 6 March 1988
B. Udalosti 6. marca 1988
1. Deployment of Soldiers A, B, C and D
1. Rozostavenie vojakov A, B, C a D
32. ...Members of the surveillance teams were on duty in the streets of
Gibraltar as were Soldiers A, B, C and D and members of the police force
involved in the operation. Soldiers A, B, C and D were in civilian clothing
and were each armed...
32. ...Èlenovia sledovacích tímov boli v slube v uliciach Gibraltáru, a to
vojaci A, B, C a D a èlenovia policajných síl zúèastnených na operácii. Voja-
ci A, B, C a D boli v civilnom obleèení a kadý bol ozbrojený...
...
...
37. ...the military option had been refined down to the preferred option
of arresting the suspects when they were on foot in the assembly area, to
disarm them and then to defuse the bomb...
37. ...vojenská monos (t. j. zatknutia) bola spracovaná na preferovanú
alternatívu zatknutia podozrivých, keï budú prechádza po nástupnej plo-
che, ich odzbrojenia a potom znekodnenia bomby...
4. Sighting of Mr Savage
4. Spozorovanie Savagea
38. Detective Constable Viagas was on surveillance duty in a bank
which had a view over the area in which the car driven in by the terrorists
was expected to be parked. At about 12.30 hours, he heard a report over the
surveillance net that a car had parked in a parking space in the assembly
area under observation. A member of the Security Service commented that
the driver had taken time to get out and fiddled with something between
the seats. DC Viagas saw the man lock the car door and walk away towards
38. Detektív Viagas bol v sledovacej slube na vyvýenine, z ktorej bol
výh¾ad na plochu, na ktorej malo pod¾a oèakávania zaparkova auto riade-
né teroristami. Pribline o 12.30 hod. poèul správu v sledovacej sieti, e na
nástupnej ploche, ktorá bola kontrolovaná, zaparkovalo v parkovacom
priestore auto. Èlen bezpeènostnej sluby informoval, e vodièovi trvalo
nejaký èas, kým vystúpil, a e s nieèím narábal medzi sedadlami. Detektív
Viagas videl mua, ako zamkol dvere auta a odiiel preè smerom k South-
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
the Southport Gate. One of the Security Service officers present consulted
a colleague as to possible identification but neither was sure. A field officer
was requested to confirm the identity. DC Viagas could not himself identi-
fy the man from his position.
port Gate. Jeden z prítomných dôstojníkov bezpeènostnej sluby sa radil s
kolegom, pokia¾ ilo o monú identifikáciu, ale ani jeden z nich si nebol is-
tý. Preto poiadali dôstojníka v teréne, aby potvrdil totonos. Detektív Via-
gas nemohol sám identifikova mua zo svojho stanovia.
39. Witness N of the Security Service team on surveillance in the car-
park in the assembly area recalled that at 12.45 hours a white Renault car
drove up and parked, the driver getting out after two to three minutes and
walking away.
39. Svedok N zo sledovacieho tímu bezpeènostnej sluby na parkovisku
na nástupnej ploche pripomenul, e o 12.45 hod. priiel biely Renault a za-
parkoval, vodiè vystúpil po dvoch a troch minútach a odiiel preè.
...Witness H, who was sent to verify his identification, saw the suspect...
and recognised him as Savage without difficulty. Witness N also saw the
suspect at the rear of John Mackintosh Hall and at 14.10 hours reported
over the radio to the operations room that he identified him as Savage and
also as the man who had earlier parked the car in the assembly area...
...Svedok H, ktorého poslali, aby overil jeho identifikáciu, videl podozri-
vého... a spoznal ho bez akostí ako Savagea. Svedok N taktie videl podo-
zrivého na konci John Mackintosh Hall a o 14.10 hod. vysielaèkou nahlásil
do operaènej miestnosti, e ho identifikoval ako Savagea a taktie ako mu-
a, ktorý predtým zaparkoval auto na nástupnej ploche...
...
...
42. The suspect was followed for approximately an hour by Witness H
who recalled that the suspect was using anti-surveillance techniques such
as employing devious routes through the side streets. Witness N was also
following him, for an estimated 45 minutes, and considered that he was
alert and taking precautions...
42. Podozrivého sledoval pribline jednu hodinu svedok H, ktorý pripo-
menul, e podozrivý pouíval protisledovacie metódy, ako pouívanie k¾u-
katých trás boènými ulicami. Svedok N ho rovnako sledoval pribline 45
minút a bol toho názoru, e podozrivý bol ostraitý a zabezpeèoval sa...
5. Sighting of Mr McCann and Ms Farrell
5. Spozorovanie McCanna a Farrellovej
43. Witness M who was leading the surveillance at the border stated
that two suspects passed the frontier at about 14.30 hours though appa-
rently they were initially not clearly identified. They were on foot and
reportedly taking counter-surveillance measures (Farrell looking back
frequently)...
43. Svedok M, ktorý viedol sledovanie na hranici, vyhlásil, e dvaja po-
dozriví prekroèili hranice pribline o 14.30 hod., hoci spoèiatku neboli jas-
ne identifikovaní. Podozriví ili peo a pod¾a hlásenia robili protisledovacie
opatrenia (Farrellová sa èasto pozerala spä)...
...
...
6. Sighting of three suspects in the assembly area
6. Spozorovanie troch podozrivých na nástupnej ploche
45. At about 14.50 hours, it was reported to the operations room that
the suspects McCann and Farrell had met with a second man identified as
the suspect Savage and that the three were looking at a white Renault car
in the car-park in the assembly area.
45. Pribline o 14.50 hod. bolo do operaènej miestnosti nahlásené, e
podozriví McCann a Farrellová sa stretli s druhým muom identifikova-
ným ako podozrivý Savage a e vetci traja sa pozerali na biely Renault na
parkovisku na nástupnej ploche.
Witness H stated that the three suspects spent some considerable time
staring across to where a car had been parked, as if, in his assessment, they
were studying it to make sure it was absolutely right for the effect of the
bomb...
Svedok H uviedol, e traja podozriví strávili dos èasu pozeraním na
miesto, kde bolo zaparkované auto, ako keby ho pod¾a jeho hodnote-
nia tudovali, aby sa ubezpeèili, e je úplne vhodné na úèinok bomby...
...
...
47. The Commissioner asked for positive identification of the three
suspects. Identification was confirmed by 15.25 hours when it was repor-
47. Komisár poiadal o pozitívnu identifikáciu troch podozrivých. Iden-
tifikácia bola potvrdená asi o 15.25 hod., keï bolo do operaènej miestnosti
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
ted to the operations room that the three suspects had returned to the
assembly area and gone past looking at the car again. The theree suspects
continued north and away from the car...
hlásené, e traja podozriví sa vrátili na nástupnú plochu a preli pozerajúc
sa opä na auto. Traja podozriví pokraèovali smerom na sever a preè od au-
ta...
7. Examination of the suspect car in the assembly area
7. Preskúmanie podozrivého auta na nástupnej ploche
48. After the three suspects identities had been confirmed and they
had moved away from the assembly area, Soldier G examined the suspect
car. He conducted an examination from the exterior without touching the
car. He described it as a newish-looking white Renault. He detected no-
thing untoward inside the car or anything visibly out of place or concealed
under the seats... He returned to the operations room and reported to the
Commissioner that he regarded the car as a suspect car bomb. At the
inquest, he explained that this was a term of art for a car parked in suspi-
cious circumstances where there is every reason to believe that it is a car
bomb and that it could not be said that it was not a car bomb.
48. Po tom, èo totonos troch podozrivých bola potvrdená a tí opustili
nástupnú plochu, vojak G preskúmal podozrivé auto. Preskúmanie vyko-
nal zvonka bez dotknutia sa auta. Opísal ho ako novovyzerajúci biely Rena-
ult. Nezistil niè nenáleité vnútri auta ani niè vidite¾né z miesta alebo skry-
té pod sedadlami... Vrátil sa do operaènej miestnosti a nahlásil komisárovi,
e auto povauje za podozrivé auto s bombou. Poèas súdneho vyetrova-
nia vysvetlil, e ilo o vo¾ný termín pre auto zaparkované za podozrivých
okolností, keï je kadý dôvod veri, e ide o auto s bombou, a keï sa ne-
mohlo poveda, e to nie je auto s bombou.
...
...
54. After receiving the report from Soldier G and in view of the fact
that the three suspects were continuing northwards leaving the car behind,
the Commissioner decided that the three suspects should be arrested on
suspicion of conspiracy to murder. At 15.40 hours, he signed a form requ-
esting the military to intercept and apprehend the suspects...
54. Po vypoèutí správy od vojaka G a vzh¾adom na skutoènos, e traja
podozriví pokraèovali na sever, opúajúc auto, komisár rozhodol, e traja
podozriví by mali by zatknutí pre podozrenie z prípravy vrady.
O 15.40 hod. podpísal tlaèivo poadujúce vojsko zadra a zatknú podo-
zrivých...
55. The evidence at the inquest given by the soldiers and Police Officer
R and DC Ullger was that the soldiers had practised arrest procedures on
several occasions with the police before 6 March 1988. According to these
rehearsals, the soldiers were to approach the suspects to within a close
distance, cover the suspects with their pistols and shout Stop. Police.
Hands up. or words to that effect. They would then make the suspects lie
on the ground with their arms away from their bodies until the police
moved in to carry out a formal arrest...
55. Pod¾a výpovede vojakov, policajného dôstojníka R a detektíva Ullge-
ra poèas súdneho vyetrovania vojaci trénovali zatýkacie postupy pri viace-
rých príleitostiach s políciou pred 6. marcom 1988. Pod¾a týchto skúok
sa mali vojaci priblíi k podozrivým na krátku vzdialenos, namieri na
nich svoje pitole a zakrièa Stojte! Polícia! Ruky hore! alebo podobné
slová. Potom by donútili podozrivých ¾ahnú si na zem s rukami od ich
tiel, kým by neprila polícia a nevykonala formálne zatknutie...
...
...
57. ...Savage split away from suspects McCann and Farrell turning
south towards the Landport tunnel. McCann and Farrell continued north
up the right-hand pavement of Winston Churchill Avenue.
57. ...Savage sa oddelil od podozrivých McCanna a Farrellovej a zaboèil
june k Landportskému tunelu. McCann a Farrellová pokraèovali na sever
po pravom chodníku Winston Churchill Avenue.
...
...
9. McCann and Farrell shootings
9. Zastrelenie McCanna a Farrellovej
...
...
61. When Soldier A was approximately ten metres (though maybe
closer) behind McCann on the inside of the pavement, McCann looked
61. Keï bol vojak A pribline desa metrov (hoci mono bliie) za
McCannom na vnútornej strane chodníka, McCann sa pozrel dozadu cez
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
back over his left shoulder. McCann appeared to look directly at A and the
smile left his face, as if he had a realisation of who A was and that he was a
threat.
svoje ¾avé plece. McCann pozeral priamo na A a z tváre sa mu stratil úsmev,
ako keby zistil, kto je A a e je hrozbou.
Soldier A drew his pistol, intending to shout a warning to stop at the
same time, though he was uncertain if the words actually came out.
McCanns hand moved suddenly and aggressively across the front of his
body. A thought that he was going for the button to detonate the bomb
and opened fire. He shot one round into McCanns back from a distance of
three metres (though maybe it may have been closer). Out of the corner of
his eye, A saw a movement by Farrell. Farrell had been walking on the left
of McCann on the side of the pavement next to the road. A saw her make a
half turn to the right towards McCann, grabbing for her handbag which
was under her left arm. A thought that she was also going for a button and
shot one round into her back. He did not disagree when it was put to him
that the forensic evidence suggested that he may have shot from a distance
of three feet. Then A turned back to McCann and shot him once more in
the body and twice in the head. A was not aware of B opening fire as this
was happening. He fired a total of five shots.
Vojak A vytiahol svoju pito¾, zamý¾ajúc súèasne zakrièa výzvu na za-
stavenie, hoci si nebol istý, èi naozaj tieto slová povedal. McCannova ruka
sa pohla náhle a prudko cez prednú èas jeho tela. Vojak A si myslel, e
McCann siaha na tlaèidlo, aby odpálil bombu, a zaèal strie¾a. Vystrelil raz
do McCannovho chrbta zo vzdialenosti troch metrov (hoci to mohlo by
bliie). V kútiku svojho oka videl pohyb Farrellovej. Tá ila v¾avo od
McCanna na strane chodníka od cesty. Vojak A ju videl, ako robí polovièný
obrat doprava smerom k McCannovi, siahajúc na taku, ktorú mala pod
svojou ¾avou rukou. Vojak A si myslel, e Farrellová rovnako siaha na tla-
èidlo, a raz vystrelil do jej chrbta. Nenamietal, keï mu uviedli, e súdny dô-
kaz naznaèoval, e mohol strie¾a zo vzdialenosti troch stôp. Potom sa A
otoèil k McCannovi a strelil ete raz do jeho tela a dvakrát do hlavy. Vojak
A si neuvedomoval, e B zaèal strie¾a, keï k tomu dolo. Vystrelil celkovo
päkrát.
62. Soldier B was approaching directly behind Farrell on the road side
of the pavement. He was watching her. When they were three to four
metres away and closing, he saw in his peripheral vision that McCann
turned his head to look over his shoulder. He heard what he presumed was
a shout from A which he thought was the start of the arrest process. At
almost the same instant, there was firing to his right. Simultaneously,
Farrell made a sharp movement to her right, drawing the bag which she
had under her left arm across her body. He could not see her hands or the
bag and feared that she was going for the button. He opened fire on
Farrell. He deemed that McCann was in a threatening position and was
unable to see his hands and switched fire to McCann. Then he turned back
to Farrell and continued firing until he was certain that she was no longer
a threat, namely, her hands away from her body. He fired a total of seven
shots.
62. Vojak B prichádzal priamo k Farrellovej na strane chodníka od cesty.
Pozoroval ju. Keï boli tri alebo tyri metre od seba a pribliovali sa, videl
vo svojom periférnom videní, e McCann otoèil hlavou, aby sa pozrel cez
plece. Poèul nieèo, èo povaoval za výkrik vojaka A a o èom si myslel, e ide
o zaèiatok zatknutia. Takmer v tej istej chvíli nastala stre¾ba napravo od
neho. Farrellová súèasne urobila prudký pohyb doprava, ahajúc taku,
ktorú mala pod ¾avou rukou cez telo. Nevidel na jej ruky ani na taku a
obával sa, e siaha po tlaèidle. Zaèal na òu strie¾a. Domnieval sa, e
McCann bol v hroziacej pozícii, a keïe nemohol vidie na jeho ruky, zaèal
na neho strie¾a. Potom sa obrátil spä k Farrellovej a pokraèoval v strie¾a-
ní, kým si nebol istý, e Farrellová u viac nepredstavuje hrozbu, najmä e
mala ruky od tela. Celkovo vystrelil sedemkrát.
63. Both soldiers denied that Farrell or McCann made any attempt to
surrender with their hands up in the air or that they fired at the two
suspects when they were lying on the ground. At the inquest, Soldier A
stated expressly that his intention had been to kill McCann to stop him
becoming a threat and detonating that bomb.
63. Obidvaja vojaci popreli, e by Farrellová alebo McCann urobili neja-
ký pokus vzda sa so zdvihnutými rukami alebo e by strie¾ali na dvoch po-
dozrivých, keï leali na zemi. Poèas súdneho vyetrovania vojak A výslovne
povedal, e jeho cie¾om bolo zabi McCanna, aby mu zabránil sta sa hroz-
bou a odpáli bombu.
...
...
11. The shooting of Savage
11. Zastrelenie Savagea
77. At the inquest the evidence of Soldiers C and D was to the following
effect.
77. Z výpovedí vojakov C a D poèas súdneho vyetrovania vyplynulo toto.
78. After the three suspects had split up at the junction, Soldier D cros-
78. Po tom, èo sa traja podozriví rozdelili na kriovatke, vojak D preiel
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
cez cestu a sledoval Savagea, ktorý smeroval k Landportskému tunelu. Sa-
vage mal obleèené rifle, koe¾u a sako. Vojaka C krátko zdrala na druhej
strane cesty doprava na runej ulici, ale zachytil, ako sa D priblíil k Sava-
geovi. Vojak D zamý¾al vykona zatknutie tak, e sa trochu priblíi, vytiah-
ne pito¾ a zakrièí Stojte! Polícia! Ruky hore!. Keï bol D asi tri metre
vzdialený, cítil, e sa potrebuje dosta bliie, pretoe naokolo bolo príli
ve¾a ¾udí a priamo v smere bola jedna pani. Skôr ako sa mohol D dosta
bliie, poèul na konci stre¾bu. V tom istom okamihu C zakrièal Stojte!.
Savage sa otoèil a jeho ruka skåzla dolu k pravému boku. D bol presvedèe-
ný, e Savage siaha po detonátore. Jednou rukou odstrèil paniu, ktorá bola
v tom smere, a zaèal strie¾a z pribline dvoch alebo troch metrov. D vystre-
lil deväkrát v rýchlom slede, mieriac najskôr do stredu Savageovho tela a
posledné dva výstrely do jeho hlavy. Savage sa zvrtol, ako padal. D pripustil
monos, e Savageova hlava bola iba tesne nad zemou, keï dokonèoval
stre¾bu. Strie¾al, kým Savage nebol nehybný na zemi a kým nemal ruky od
tela.
sed the road and followed Savage who was heading towards the Landport
tunnel. Savage was wearing jeans, shirt and a jacket. Soldier C was briefly
held up on the other side of the road by traffic on the busy road but was
catching up as D closed in on Savage. D intended to arrest by getting slig-
htly closer, drawing his pistol and shouting Stop. Police. Hands up.
When D was about three metres away, he felt that he needed to get closer
because there were too many people about and there was a lady directly in
line. Before D could get closer however, he heard gunfire to the rear. At the
same time, C shouted Stop. Savage spun round and his arm went down
towards his right hand hip area. D believed that Savage was going for a
detonator. He used one hand to push the lady out of line and opened fire
from about two to three metres away. D fired nine rounds at rapid rate,
initially aiming into the centre of Savages body, with the last two at his
head. Savage corkscrewed as he fell. D acknowledged that it was possible
that Savages head was inches away from the ground as he finished firing.
He kept firing until Savage was motionless on the ground and his hands
were away from his body.
79. ...Úmyslom C bolo ís dopredu a vykona zatknutie, keï poèul vý-
strely odzadu z¾ava, zo smeru, kam smerovali Farrellová a McCann. Savage
sa otoèil. C zakrièal Stojte! a vytiahol pito¾. Savage pohol pravou rukou
dolu do oblasti vrecka na saku a zaujal tak ohrozujúcu a agresívnu pozíciu.
C zaèal strie¾a, keïe sa obával, e Savage ide odpáli bombu. Videl nieèo
masívne v Savageovom pravom vrecku, o èom sa domnieval, e ide o odpa-
¾ovacie tlaèidlo. Bol pribline pä alebo es stôp od Savagea. Vystrelil es-
krát, ako sa stáèal dolu, mieriac zväèa na jeho telo. Jeden výstrel iiel do je-
ho krku a ïalí, ako padal, do hlavy. C pokraèoval v stre¾be, kým si nebol
istý, e Savage padol a u nie je schopný aktivizova zariadenie.
79. ...Cs intention was to move forward to make arrest when he heard
shots to his left rear from the direction in which Farrell and McCann had
headed. Savage spun round. C shouted Stop and drew his pistol. Savage
moved his right arm down to the area of his jacket pocket and adopted a
threatening and aggressive stance. C opened fire since he feared Savage was
about to detonate the bomb. He saw something bulky in Savages right
hand pocket which he believed to be a detonator button. He was about five
to six feet from Savage. He fired six times as Savage spiralled down, aiming
at the mass of his body. One shot went into his neck and another into his
head as he fell. C continued firing until he was sure that Savage had gone
down and was no longer in a position to initiate a device.
80. Poèas súdneho vyetrovania obidvaja vojaci pri kríovom výsluchu
uviedli, e len èo nastane nevyhnutnos zaèa strie¾a, pokraèovali by
v strie¾aní, kým by osoba u nebola hrozbou. C súhlasil, e najlepím spô-
sobom, ako dosiahnu tento výsledok, je zabi. D uviedol, e strie¾al na Sa-
vagea, aby ho zabil, a e to bol spôsob, ktorý trénujú vetci vojaci. Obidvaja
vojaci vak popreli, e by strie¾ali do Savagea, keï bol na zemi...
80. At the inquest, both soldiers stated under cross-examination that
once it became necessary to open fire they would continue shooting until
the person was no longer a threat. C agreed that the best way to ensure this
result was to kill. D stated that he was firing at Savage to kill him and that
this was the way that all soldiers were trained. Both soldiers, however,
denied that they had shot Savage while he was on the ground...
...
...
H. Policajné vyetrovanie po zastrelení
H. Police investigation following the shootings
...
...
98. Vnútri Farrellovéj taky sa nala k¾úèenka s dvoma k¾úèmi a príves-
kom s registraèným èíslom MA9317AF. Táto informácia bola postúpená
pribline o 17.00 hod. panielskej polícii, ktorá zaèala h¾ada auto pre po-
dozrenie, e by mohlo obsahova výbuniny. Poèas noci zo 6. na 7. marca
panielska polícia nala èervený Ford Fiesta s takýmto registraèným èíslom
98. Inside Farrells handbag was found a key ring with two keys and a
tag bearing a registration number MA9317AF. This information was
passed at about 17.00 hours to the Spanish police who commenced a
search for the car on the suspicion that it might contain explosives.
During the night of 6 to 7 March, the Spanish police found a red Ford
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
v La Linee. Vnútri auta sa nali k¾úèe od ïalieho auta, registraèné èíslo
MA2732AJ a dohoda o poièaní auta preukazujúca, e auto poièala
6. marca o 10.00 hod. Katarína Smithová; pas s takýmto menom sa naiel
vo Farrellovéj take.
Fiesta with that registration number in La Linea. Inside the car were found
keys for another car, registration number MA2732AJ, with a rental agree-
ment indicating that the car had been rented at 10.00 hours on 6 March by
Katharine Smith, the name on the passport carried in Farrells handbag.
99. Dòa 8. marca si o 18.00 hod. bolo v podzemnom parkovisku v Mar-
belle objavené auto Ford Fiesta s registraèným èíslom MA2732AJ. Auto ot-
vorila malagská skupina pre nakladanie s výbuninami a zistila, e obsahu-
je výbuné zariadenie skryté v kufri v priestore pre náhradné koleso. Zaria-
denie pozostávalo z piatich balíèkov výbuniny Semtex (spolu 64 kg), ku
ktorým boli pripojené tyri detonátory a okolo nich bolo uloených kusov nábojov. Boli tam dva èasovaèe nastavené na 10.45 hod. a na
11.15 hod. Zariadenie nebolo ani nabité, ani napojené.
99. At about 18.00 hours on 8 March, a Ford Fiesta car with registration
number MA2732AJ was discovered in a basement car-park in Marbella. It
was opened by the Malaga bomb-disposal squad and found to contain an
explosive device in the boot concealed in the spare-wheel compartment.
The device consisted of five packages of Semtex explosive (altogether 64
kg) to which were attached four detonators and around which were packed rounds of ammunition. There were two timers marked 10 hrs 45 mins
and 11 hrs 15 mins respectively. The device was not primed or connected.
100. V správe o výbunom zariadení vypracovanej panielskou políciou
v Madride 27. marca 1988 bol záver, e ilo o dvojitý aktivaèný systém za-
bezpeèujúci explóziu, aj keby jeden z èasovaèov zlyhal; výbunina bola skry-
tá v priestore pre náhradné koleso, aby nedolo k jej odhaleniu pri precho-
de panielsko-gibraltárskej hranice; mnostvo výbuniny a pouitie nábo-
jov ako rapnela preukazovali, e teroristom ilo o èo najväèí úèinok; exis-
tovalo presvedèenie, e zariadenie bolo nastavené, aby explodovalo v èase
vojenskej prehliadky 8. marca 1988.
100. In the report compiled by the Spanish police on the device dated
Madrid 27 March 1988, it was concluded that there was a double activa-
ting system to ensure explosion even if one of the timers failed; the explosi-
ve was hidden in the spare-wheel space to avoid detection on passing the
Spanish/Gibraltarian customs; the quantity of explosive and use of cartrid-
ges as shrapnel indicated the terrorists were aiming for greatest effect; and
that it was believed that the device was set to explode at the time of the
military parade on 8 March 1988.
...
...
I. Súdne vyetrovanie v Gibraltári
I. The Gibraltar inquest
103. Gibraltársky koroner zaèal vyetrovanie zabití 6. septembra 1988.
Zúèastnili sa na òom rodiny màtvych (ktoré zahàòali saovate¾ov), ako aj
vojaci SAS a vláda Spojeného krá¾ovstva. Súdnemu vyetrovaniu predsedal
koroner, ktorý zasadal s porotou zloenou z miestneho obyvate¾stva.
103. An inquest by the Gibraltar Coroner into the killings was opened
on 6 September 1988. The families of the deceased (which included the
applicants) were represented, as were the SAS soldiers and the United
Kingdom Government. The inquest was presided over by the Coroner, who
sat with a jury chosen from the local population.
...
...
106. Súdne vyetrovanie trvalo do 30. septembra a poèas jeho 19 dní bo-
lo vypoèutých 79 svedkov vrátane vojakov, policajných dôstojníkov a sledo-
vacieho personálu zúèastneného na operácii. Rovnako boli vypoèutí pato-
lógovia, súdni znalci a experti na odpa¾ovanie výbuných zariadení.
106. The inquest lasted until 30 September and during the nineteen
days it sat, evidence was heard from seventy-nine witnesses, including the
soldiers, police officers and surveillance personnel involved in the opera-
tion. Evidence was also heard from pathologists, forensic scientists and
experts in relation to the detonation of explosive devices.
1. Výpovede patológov na súdnom vyetrovaní
1. Pathologists evidence at the inquest
...
...
108. Pokia¾ ilo o Farrellovú, zistilo sa, e bola strelená trikrát do chrbta
zo vzdialenosti asi troch stôp... Mala pä zásahov v hlave a krku. Zranenia
na tvári naznaèovali, e buï celé telo, alebo prinajmenom horná èas tela
108. Concerning Farrell, it was found that she had been shot three
times in the back, from a distance of some three feet... She had five wounds
to the head and neck. The facial injuries suggested that either the entire
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
body or at least the upper part of the body was turned towards the shooter.
A reasonable scenario consistent with the wounds was that she received the
shots to the face while facing the shooter, then fell away and received the
shots to the back... the upward trajectory of the bullets that hit Farrell
indicated that she was going down or was down when she received them.
Altogether she had been shot eight times.
bola obrátená smerom k strelcovi. Primeraným scenárom zhodným so
strelnými ranami bolo, e Farrellovú strely zasiahli do tváre, keï sa pozera-
la na strelca, potom spadla a zasiahli ju do chrbta... stúpajúca strelná dráha
guliek, ktoré zasiahli Farrellovú, naznaèovala, e Farrellová padala alebo u
leala na zemi, keï ju zasiahli. Spolu bola zasiahnutá osemkrát.
109. Concerning McCann, he had been shot in the back twice and had
three wounds in the head. The wound on the top of the head suggested
that the chest wounds came before the head wound and that he was down
or very far down when it was inflicted. The shots to the body were at about
a 45-degree angle. He had been hit by five bullets.
109. Pokia¾ ide o McCanna, dvakrát bol zasiahnutý do chrbta a mal tri
strelné rany v hlave. Rana na temene hlavy naznaèovala, e k zraneniam na
hrudi dolo pred zraneniami hlavy a e McCann bol na zemi alebo takmer
na zemi, keï bol zasiahnutý. Strely vnikli do tela pribline v 45-stupòovom
uhle. Zasiahlo ho pä striel.
110. Concerning Savage, he had been hit by sixteen bullets... it would be
reasonable to suppose from the strike marks on the pavement that bullets
were fired into Savages head as he lay on the ground...
110. Pokia¾ ide o Savagea, zasiahlo ho 16 striel... bolo by odôvodnené
predpoklada zo stôp na chodníku, e strely boli vystrelené do Savageovej
hlavy, keï leal na zemi...
...
...
3. Evidence relating to detonation devices
3. Dôkazy týkajúce sa výbuných zariadení
112. Issues arose at the inquest as to whether, even if the three suspects
had been carrying remote-control devices, they would have been able to
detonate the suspected bomb which was approximately 1.4 km from the
place where they were shot. Also it was questioned whether the soldiers
could reasonably have expected that the applicants could have concealed
the devices on their persons without it being apparent and whether in fact
the device could have been detonated by pressing only one button.
112. Poèas súdneho vyetrovania vznikli otázky, èi by podozriví, a to aj
keby vetci traja niesli zariadenia na dia¾kové ovládanie, boli schopní odpá-
li podozrivú bombu, ktorá sa nachádzala pribline 1,4 km od miesta, kde
boli zastrelení. Rovnako sa spochybòovalo, èi vojaci mali dôvod oèakáva,
e saovatelia by mohli ukry zariadenia u seba bez toho, aby to bolo vidi-
te¾né, a èi mono zariadenie naozaj odpáli stlaèením len jedného tlaèidla.
113. Mr Feraday gave evidence for the Crown. He was a forensic scientist
employed at Explosives Forensic Laboratory at Royal Armament Research
and Development Establishment, with thirty-three years experience of
explosives. He produced an ICOM IC2 transmitter, as an example of a devi-
ce used in Northern Ireland, which was the size of a standard commercial
walkie-talkie. It was also produced in evidence by the Government to both
the Commission and Court in the Strasbourg proceedings.
113. Feraday svedèil v prospech Spojeného krá¾ovstva. Bol forénznym
vedcom zamestnaným vo forénznom laboratóriu pre výbuniny v krá¾ov-
skom zbrojárskom výskumnom a vývojovom zariadení s 33-roènou praxou
s výbuninami. Predloil vysielaè ICOM IC2 ako príklad zariadenia pouí-
vaného v Severnom Írsku, ktorý mal ve¾kos tandardného komerèného
prenosného prehrávaèa. Vysielaè predloila ako dôkaz aj vláda pred Komi-
siou a Súdom v trasburskom konaní.
While referring to the factors which could affect the range (for example,
terrain, weather conditions) Mr Feraday stated that the equipment could,
in optimum conditions, operate up to a thirty-mile range. In his opinion,
the aerial on the suspect car could have received a signal though its effi-
ciency would have been fairly poor as it was not the right length for the
frequency. He considered that one would have to assume that from the
distance of about a mile a bomb could be detonated by remote control
using that aerial.
Odkazujúc na faktory, ktoré mohli ovplyvni rozsah (napr. terén, pove-
ternostné podmienky), Feraday uviedol, e zariadenie môe za optimálnych
podmienok operova v rozsahu do 30 mí¾. Pod¾a jeho názoru anténa na
podozrivom aute mohla zachyti signál, hoci jej úèinnos bola ve¾mi slabá,
keïe nemala správnu dåku na frekvenciu. Domnieval sa, e mono pred-
poklada, e zo vzdialenosti pribline jednej míle by mohla by bomba od-
pálená dia¾kovým ovládaním za pouitia tejto antény.
114. The applicants called Dr Scott, who held a masters degree and
doctorate in engineering and was a licensed radio operator. He had been
involved in two IRA trials in England. He had conducted tests with similar
114. Saovatelia predvolali Dr. Shotta, ktorý bol magistrom a mal dok-
torát v ininierstve a ktorý bol drite¾om licencie rádiooperátora. Bol pri-
zvaný na dva súdne procesy s IRA v Anglicku. Vykonal testy s podobnými
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
receivers along the route taken by the three suspects. He referred to the
fact that there was rising ground between the sites of the shootings and
the assembly area as well as a thick wall and a considerable number of buil-
dings... he stated that in his professional opinion the purported receiver
could not have been detonated by a transmitter in the circumstances of the
case. He also stated that the bomb could have been neutralised by remo-
ving the car aerial and that such a manoeuvre would not have destabilised
the explosive device.
prijímaèmi na trase, ktorú preli traja podozriví. Poukazoval na skutoè-
nos, e medzi miestami stre¾by a nástupnou plochou sa terén zdvíhal, ako
aj na hrubú stenu a ve¾ké mnostvo budov... vyhlásil, e pod¾a jeho profe-
sionálneho názoru zacielený prijímaè nemohol by detonovaný vysielaèom
za okolností existujúcich v tomto prípade. Rovnako vyhlásil, e bomba
mohla by neutralizovaná odstránením antény z auta a e takýto manéver
by nedestabilizoval výbuné zariadenie.
...
...
121. The jury returned verdicts of lawful killing by a majority of nine to
two.
121. Porota väèinou hlasov, deviatich ku trom, prijala verdikty zákon-
ného zabitia.
...
...
PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION
KONANIE PRED KOMISIOU
141. The applicants lodged their application (no. 18984/91) with the
Commission on 14 August 1991. They complained that the killings of
Daniel McCann, Mairead Farrell and Sean Savage by members of the SAS
(Special Air Service) constituted a violation of Article 2 of the Convention.
141. Saovatelia podali svoju sanos (è. 18984/91) na Komisiu 14. au-
gusta 1991. Saovali sa, e zabitie Daniela McCanna, Mairead Farrellovej a
Seana Savagea èlenmi SAS (peciálna letecká sluba) zakladalo poruenie
èlánku 2 Dohovoru.
142. On 3 September 1993 the Commission declared the applicants
complaint admissible.
142. Dòa 3. septembra 1993 Komisia vyhlásila sanos saovate¾ov za
prijate¾nú.
In its report of 4 March 1994 (Article 31), it expressed the opinion that
there had been no violation of Article 2 (eleven votes to six)...
Vo svojej správe zo 4. marca 1994 (èlánok 31) vyjadrila názor, e nebol
poruený èlánok 2 (jedenástimi hlasmi k iestim)...
...
...
AS TO THE LAW
K PRÁVU
I. ALLEGED VIOLATION
OF ARTICLE 2 OF THE CONVENTION
I. ÚDAJNÉ PORUENIE
ÈLÁNKU 2 DOHOVORU
145. The applicants alleged that the killing of Mr McCann, Ms Farrell
and Mr Savage by members of the security forces constituted a violation of
Article 2 of the Convention which reads:
145. Saovatelia tvrdili, e zabitie McCanna, Farrellovej a Savagea èlen-
mi bezpeènostných síl zakladalo poruenie èlánku 2 Dohovoru, v ktorom
sa uvádza:
1. Everyones right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of
his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his
conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law.
1. Právo kadého na ivot je chránené zákonom. Nikoho nemono úmyselne
zbavi ivota okrem výkonu rozsudku súdu nasledujúceho po odsúdení osoby za
trestný èin, pre ktorý zákon takýto trest stanovuje.
2. Deprivation of life shall not be regarded as inflicted in contravention of this
2. Zbavenie ivota sa nebude povaova za spôsobené v rozpore s týmto
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
èlánkom, ak bude vyplýva z pouitia sily, ktoré nie je viac ne úplne nevyhnutné,
pri
Article when it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessa-
ry:
a) obrane kadej osoby proti nezákonnému násiliu,
b) vykonávaní zákonného zatknutia alebo zabránení úteku osoby zákonne zadr-
anej,
(a) in defence of any person from unlawful violence;
(b) in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully
detained;
c) zákonne uskutoènenej akcii na úèely potlaèenia nepokojov alebo vzbury.
(c) in action lawfully taken for the purpose of quelling a riot or insurrection.
A. Výklad èlánku 2
1. Veobecný prístup
A. Interpretation of Article 2
1. General approach
146. Prístup Súdu k výkladu èlánku 2 musí by vedený skutoènosou, e
cie¾ a úèel Dohovoru ako nástroja na ochranu individuálnych ¾udských by-
tostí vyadujú, aby sa jeho ustanovenia vykladali a aplikovali tak, aby jeho
záruky boli praktické a efektívne (pozri medziiným rozsudok vo veci Soe-
ring v. Spojené krá¾ovstvo zo 7. júla 1989, Séria A, è. 161, str. 34, ods. 87, a
rozsudok vo veci Loizidou v. Turecko (predbené námietky) z 23. marca
1995, Séria A, è. 310, str. 27, ods. 72).
146. The Courts approach to the interpretation of Article 2 must be
guided by the fact that the object and purpose of the Convention as an
instrument for the protection of individual human beings requires that its
provisions be interpreted and applied so as to make its safeguards practical
and effective (see, inter alia, the Soering v. the United Kingdom judgment
of 7 July 1989, Series A no. 161, p. 34, para. 87, and the Loizidou v. Turkey
(Preliminary Objections) judgment of 23 March 1995, Series A no. 310, p.
27, para. 72).
147. Rovnako treba ma na pamäti, e èlánok 2 ako ustanovenie, ktoré
nielen zaruèuje právo na ivot, ale stanovuje aj okolnosti, za ktorých zbave-
nie ivota môe by ospravedlnite¾né, sa povauje za jedno z najzákladnej-
ích ustanovení Dohovoru naozaj ustanovenie, ktoré v èase mieru nepri-
púa iadnu derogáciu pod¾a èlánku 15. Spolu s èlánkom 3 Dohovoru za-
chováva aj jednu zo základných hodnôt demokratických spoloèností tvo-
riacich Radu Európy (pozri uvedený rozsudok vo veci Soering, str. 34,
ods. 88). Keïe èlánok 2 je taký, jeho ustanovenia sa musia striktne vykla-
da.
147. It must also be borne in mind that, as a provision which not only
safeguards the right to life but sets out the circumstances when the depri-
vation of life may be justified, Article 2 ranks as one of the most funda-
mental provisions in the Convention indeed one which, in peacetime,
admits of no derogation under Article 15. Together with Article 3 of the
Convention, it also enshrines one of the basic values of the democratic
societies making up the Council of Europe (see the above-mentioned
Soering judgment, p. 34, para. 88). As such, its provisions must be strictly
construed.
148. Súd je toho názoru, e výnimky vypoèítané v odseku 2 naznaèujú,
e toto ustanovenie sa roziruje na úmyselné zabitie, ale neposudzuje sa vý-
luène len v súvislosti s ním. Ako Komisia zdôraznila, text èlánku 2 èítaný
ako celok demontruje, e odsek 2 primárne nedefinuje prípady, keï je po-
volené úmyselne zabi osobu, ale opisuje situácie, keï je povolené poui
silu, ktorej výsledkom môe by ako nezamý¾aný výsledok zbavenie ivo-
ta. Avak pouitie sily nesmie by väèie ne absolútne nevyhnutné na do-
siahnutie jedného z úèelov uvedených v písmenách a), b) alebo c) (pozri
sanos è. 1044/82, Stewart v. Spojené krá¾ovstvo z 10. júla 1984, Rozhod-
nutia a správy è. 39, str. 169171).
148. The Court considers that the exceptions delineated in paragraph 2
indicate that this provision extends to, but is not concerned exclusively
with, intentional killing. As the Commission has pointed out, the text of
Article 2, read as a whole, demonstrates that paragraph 2 does not primari-
ly define instances where it is permitted intentionally to kill an individual,
but describes the situations where it is permitted to use force which may
result, as an unintended outcome, in the deprivation of life. The use of
force, however, must be no more than absolutely necessary for the achie-
vement of one of the purposes set out in sub-paragraphs (a), (b) or (c) (see
application no. 1044/82, Stewart v. the United Kingdom, 10 July 1984,
Decisions and Reports 39, pp. 16971).
149. V tejto súvislosti pouitie pojmu absolútne nevyhnutný v èlánku ods. 2 naznaèuje, e sa musí poui ove¾a prísnejí a vynutite¾nejí test
nevyhnutnosti, ne sa bene pouíva, keï sa urèuje, èi konanie tátu je ne-
vyhnutné v demokratickej spoloènosti pod¾a ods. 2 èlánkov 8 a 11 Doho-
149. In this respect the use of the term absolutely necessary in Article para. 2 indicates that a stricter and more compelling test of necessity
must be employed from that normally applicable when determining whet-
her State action is necessary in a democratic society under paragraph 2
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
voru. Pouitá sila musí by najmä striktne proporciálna k dosiahnutiu cie-
¾ov uvedených v èlánku 2 ods. 2 písm. a), b) a c).
of Articles 8 to 11 of the Convention. In particular, the force used must be
strictly proportionate to the achievement of the aims set out in sub-para-
graphs 2 (a), (b) and (c) of Article 2.
150. Dodrujúc dôleitos tohto ustanovenia v demokratickej spoloè-
nosti musí Súd, pri jeho hodnotení, zbavenia ivota ve¾mi opatrne preskú-
ma, najmä ak sa pouila úmyselná smrtiaca sila, berúc do úvahy nielen èi-
ny agentov tátu, ktorí skutoène pouívajú silu, ale aj vetky prísluné
okolnosti vrátane takých záleitostí, ako je plánovanie a kontrola preskú-
mavaných èinov.
150. In keeping with the importance of this provision in a democratic
society, the Court must, in making its assessment, subject deprivations of
life to the most careful scrutiny, particularly where deliberate lethal force is
used, taking into consideration not only the actions of the agents of the
State who actually administer the force but also all the surrounding
circumstances including such matters as the planning and control of the
actions under examination.
...
...
b) Hodnotenie Súdu
b) The Courts assessment
(1) Predbené úvahy
(1) Preliminary considerations
192. Pri preskúmavaní pod¾a èlánku 2 Dohovoru musí Súd bra do úva-
hy, e informácia, ktorú orgány Spojeného krá¾ovstva získali, e dôjde k te-
roristickému útoku v Gibraltári, ich postavila pred základnú dilemu. Na
jednej strane sa od nich poadovalo bra do úvahy povinnos chráni ivoty
¾udí v Gibraltári vrátane ivotov ich vlastného vojenského personálu a na
druhej strane, aby sa minimálne uchýlili k pouitiu smrtiacej sily proti tým,
ktorí sú podozriví zo spôsobenia takejto hrozby vo svetle záväzkov vyplýva-
júcich ako z vnútrotátneho, tak i medzinárodného práva.
192. In carrying out its examination under Article 2 of the Convention,
the Court must bear in mind that the information that the United
Kingdom authorities received that there would be a terrorist attack in
Gibraltar presented them with a fundamental dilemma. On the one hand,
they were required to have regard to their duty to protect the lives of the
people in Gibraltar including their own military personnel and, on the
other, to have minimum resort to the use of lethal force against those
suspected of posing this threat in the light of the obligations flowing from
both domestic and international law.
193. Musia sa vzia do úvahy aj ïalie faktory.
193. Several other factors must also be taken into consideration.
Po prvé, orgány boli konfrontované aktívnou sluobnou jednotkou
ASU zloenou z osôb, ktoré boli odsúdené za bombové trestné èiny a ktoré
boli známe ako experti na výbuniny. IRA, posudzovaná pod¾a jej èinov
v minulosti, demontrovala neúctu k ¾udskému ivotu vrátane ¾udského i-
vota jej vlastných èlenov.
In the first place, the authorities were confronted by an active service
unit of the IRA composed of persons who had been convicted of bombing
offences and a known explosives expert. The IRA, judged by its actions in
the past, had demonstrated a disregard for human life, including that of
its own members.
Po druhé, orgány boli vopred upozornené na hroziacu teroristickú èin-
nos, a tak mali dostatoèný èas naplánova svoju reakciu a v spolupráci
s miestnymi gibraltárskymi orgánmi prija opatrenia na zmarenie útoku
a zatknutie podozrivých. Bezpeènostné orgány vak, prirodzene, nemohli
ma k dispozícii vetky fakty a boli nútené formulova svoje postoje na zá-
klade nekompletných hypotéz.
Secondly, the authorities had had prior warning of the impending
terrorist action and thus had ample opportunity to plan their reaction
and, in co-ordination with the local Gibraltar authorities, to take measures
to foil the attack and arrest the suspects. Inevitably, however, the security
authorities could not have been in possession of the full facts and were
obliged to formulate their policies on the basis of incomplete hypotheses.
194. Za týchto okolností musí Súd pri urèovaní, èi pouitá sila bola zlu-
èite¾ná s èlánkom 2, opatrne skúma, ako bolo uvedené vyie, nielen to, èi
sila pouitá vojakmi bola striktne proporciálna k cie¾u ochráni osoby pred
nezákonným násilím, ale aj to, èi orgány plánovali a kontrolovali antitero-
ristickú operáciu tak, aby sa minimalizovalo v èo najväèej monej miere
pouitie smrtiacej sily. Súd bude posudzova postupne kadý z týchto bo-
dov.
194. Against this background, in determining whether the force used
was compatible with Article 2, the Court must carefully scrutinise, as
noted above, not only whether the force used by the soldiers was strictly
proportionate to the aim of protecting persons against unlawful violence
but also whether the anti-terrorist operation was planned and controlled
by the authorities so as to minimise, to the greatest extent possible, re-
course to lethal force. The Court will consider each of these points in turn.
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
(2) Konanie vojakov
(2) Actions of the soldiers
195. Pripomína sa, e vojakov, ktorí uskutoènili zastrelenie (A, B, C
a D), ich nadriadení v podstate informovali, e na mieste je auto s bombou,
ktorú mohol odpáli ktorýko¾vek z troch podozrivých zariadením na dia¾-
kové ovládanie, ktoré mohli ma u seba skryté; e zariadenie mohlo by ak-
tivizované stlaèením tlaèidla; e podozriví pravdepodobne odpália bombu,
ak budú napadnutí, a tak spôsobia aké straty na ivotoch a váne zrane-
nia, e sú tie pravdepodobne ozbrojení a e pri zatýkaní budú klás odpor
(pozri odseky 23, 24 a 27 a 28 a 31).
195. It is recalled that the soldiers who carried out the shooting (A, B, C
and D) were informed by their superiors, in essence, that there was a car
bomb in place which could be detonated by any of the three suspects by
means of a radio-control device which might have been concealed on their
persons; that the device could be activated by pressing a button; that they
would be likely to detonate the bomb if challenged, thereby causing heavy
loss of life and serious injuries, and were also likely to be armed and to
resist arrest (see paragraphs 23, 24-27, and 28-31 above).
196. Pokia¾ ide o zastrelenie McCanna a Farrellovej, Súd pripomína zá-
ver Komisie, e boli zastrelení z blízkej vzdialenosti po tom, èo urobili po-
hyby rukami, ako keby ili odpáli bombu, èo sa zdalo by vojakom A a B
ohrozujúce (pozri odsek 132). Dôkazy naznaèujú, e boli zastrelení, keï
padali k zemi, ale nie, keï leali na zemi (pozri odseky 59-67). tyria sved-
kovia pripomenuli, e poèuli varujúci výkrik (pozri odsek 75). Dôstojník P
potvrdil výpovede vojakov, pokia¾ ide o pohyby s rukami (pozri odsek 76).
Dôstojník Q a policajt Parody rovnako potvrdili, e Farrellová urobila ná-
hly podozrivý pohyb smerom k svojej take (ibid.).
196. As regards the shooting of Mr McCann and Ms Farrell, the Court
recalls the Commissions finding that they were shot at close range after
making what appeared to Soldiers A and B to be threatening movements
with their hands as if they were going to detonate the bomb (see paragraph above). The evidence indicated that they were shot as they fell to the
ground but not as they lay on the ground (see paragraphs 59-67 above).
Four witnesses recalled hearing a warning shout (see paragraph 75 above).
Officer P corroborated the soldiers evidence as to the hand movements
(see paragraph 76 above). Officer Q and Police Constable Parody also
confirmed that Ms Farrell had made a sudden, suspicious move towards
her handbag (ibid.).
197. Pokia¾ ide o zastrelenie Savagea, dôkazy ukázali, e ilo iba o zálei-
tos sekúnd medzi strie¾aním pri garáach Shell (McCann a Farrellová)
a strie¾aním v Landportskom tuneli (Savage). Komisia zistila, e bolo ne-
pravdepodobné, e vojaci C a D videli prvé strie¾anie pred prenasledovaním
Savagea, ktorý sa obrátil po tom, èo bol vyruený buï policajnou sirénou,
alebo strie¾aním (pozri odsek 132).
197. As regards the shooting of Mr Savage, the evidence revealed that
there was only a matter of seconds between the shooting at the Shell gara-
ge (McCann and Farrell) and the shooting at Landport tunnel (Savage).
The Commission found that it was unlikely that Soldiers C and D witnes-
sed the first shooting before pursuing Mr Savage who had turned around
after being alerted by either the police siren or the shooting (see paragraph above).
Vojak C zaèal strie¾a, pretoe Savage preiel pravou rukou do oblasti
vrecka na svojom saku, èím vyvolal obavu, e ide odpáli bombu. Vojak C
navye videl nieèo objemné v jeho vrecku, o èom sa domnieval, e ide o od-
pa¾ovací vysielaè. Vojak D takisto zaèal strie¾a v presvedèení, e podozrivý
sa snaí odpáli predpokladanú bombu. Verziu udalostí, ako ju uviedli vo-
jaci, v urèitých smeroch podporili svedkovia H a J, ktorí videli, ako sa Sava-
ge obrátil tvárou k vojakom pri zjavnom reagovaní na policajnú sirénu ale-
bo na prvé strie¾anie (pozri odseky 83 a 85).
Soldier C opened fire because Mr Savage moved his right arm to the
area of his jacket pocket, thereby giving rise to the fear that he was about
to detonate the bomb. In addition, Soldier C had seen something bulky in
his pocket which he believed to be a detonating transmitter. Soldier D also
opened fire believing that the suspect was trying to detonate the supposed
bomb. The soldiers version of events was corroborated in some respects by
Witnesses H and J, who saw Mr Savage spin round to face the soldiers in
apparent response to the police siren or the first shooting (see paragraphs and 85 above).
Komisia zistila, e Savage bol zastrelený z blízkej vzdialenosti, kým do-
padol na zem, a pravdepodobe súèasne alebo po tom, èo dopadol na zem
(pozri odsek 132). Tento záver podporili výpovede patológov poèas súdne-
ho vyetrovania (pozri odsek 110).
The Commission found that Mr Savage was shot at close range until he
hit the ground and probably in the instant as or after he had hit the
ground (see paragraph 132 above). This conclusion was supported by the
pathologists evidence at the inquest (see paragraph 110 above).
198. Ïalej sa zistilo, e podozriví neboli ozbrojení, e nemali pri sebe
odpa¾ovacie zariadenie a e v aute nebola bomba (pozri odseky 93 a 96).
198. It was subsequently discovered that the suspects were unarmed,
that they did not have a detonator device on their persons and that there
was no bomb in the car (see paragraphs 93 and 96 above).
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
199. All four soldiers admitted that they shot to kill. They considered
199. Vetci tyria vojaci pripustili, e strie¾ali, aby zabili. Povaovali za
nevyhnutné pokraèova v stre¾be na podozrivých, kým sa nestali fyzicky ne-
schopnými odpáli zariadenie (pozri odseky 61, 63, 80 a 120). Pod¾a výpo-
vede patológov Farrellová bola zasiahnutá ôsmimi strelami, McCann piati-
mi a Savage estnástimi (pozri odseky 108110).
that it was necessary to continue to fire at the suspects until they were
rendered physically incapable of detonating a device (see paragraphs 61, 63, and 120 above). According to the pathologists evidence Ms Farrell was
hit by eight bullets, Mr McCann by five and Mr Savage by sixteen (see para-
graphs 10810 above).
200. The Court accepts that the soldiers honestly believed, in the light
of the information that they had been given, as set out above, that it was
necessary to shoot the suspects in order to prevent them from detonating a
bomb and causing serious loss of life (see paragraph 195 above). The
actions which they took, in obedience to superior orders, were thus percei-
ved by them as absolutely necessary in order to safeguard innocent lives.
200. Súd akceptuje, e vojaci úprimne verili, vzh¾adom na informácie,
ktoré im boli poskytnuté, ako je uvedené vyie, e bolo nevyhnutné zastre-
li podozrivých, aby im zabránili odpáli bombu a spôsobi váne straty na
ivotoch (pozri odsek 195). Konanie, ku ktorému pristúpili v súlade s nad-
riadenými rozkazmi, takto povaovali za absolútne nevyhnutné, aby ochrá-
nili nevinné ivoty.
It considers that the use of force by agents of the State in pursuit of
one of the aims delineated in paragraph 2 of Article 2 of the Convention
may be justified under this provision where it is based on an honest belief
which is perceived, for good reasons, to be valid at the time but which
subsequently turns out to be mistaken. To hold otherwise would be to
impose an unrealistic burden on the State and its law-enforcement person-
nel in the execution of their duty, perhaps to the detriment of their lives
and those of others.
Pod¾a názoru Súdu pouitie sily agentmi tátu v súlade s jedným z cie-
¾ov vypoèítaných v odseku 2 èlánku 2 Dohovoru mono pod¾a tohto usta-
novenia ospravedlni, ak je zaloené na úprimnej viere, ktorá sa z rozum-
ných dôvodov povauje za existujúcu v danom èase, ale ktorá sa potom
ukáe chybná. Iné rozhodnutie by na tát a jeho personál vykonávajúci zá-
kony uloilo pri výkone ich povinností nereálnu archu, azda na kodu ich
ivotov a ivotov iných.
It follows that, having regard to the dilemma confronting the authori-
ties in the circumstances of the case, the actions of the soldiers do not, in
themselves, give rise to a violation of this provision.
Z toho vyplýva, majúc na zreteli dilemu konfrontujúcu orgány, e za da-
ných okolností prípadu konanie vojakov ako také nevedie k porueniu toh-
to ustanovenia.
201. The question arises, however, whether the anti-terrorist operation
as a whole was controlled and organised in a manner which respected the
requirements of Article 2 and whether the information and instructions
given to the soldiers which, in effect, rendered inevitable the use of lethal
force, took adequately into consideration the right to life of the three
suspects.
201. Vzniká vak otázka, èi protiteroristická operácia ako celok bola
kontrolovaná a organizovaná spôsobom, ktorý repektuje poiadavky èlán-
ku 2 a èi informácie a pokyny dané vojakom, ktoré v koneènom dôsledku
urobili nevyhnutým pouitie smrtiacej sily, brali primerane do úvahy právo
na ivot troch podozrivých.
(3) Control and organisation of the operation
(3) Kontrola a organizácia operácie
202. The Court first observes that, as appears from the operational
order of the Commissioner, it had been the intention of the authorities to
arrest the suspects at an appropriate stage. Indeed, evidence was given at
the inquest that arrest procedures had been practised by the soldiers before March and that efforts had been made to find a suitable place in Gibral-
tar to detain the suspects after their arrest (see paragraphs 18 and 55
above).
202. Súd najskôr zisuje, ako vyplýva z operaèného príkazu komisára, e
úmyslom orgánov bolo zatknú podozrivých vo vhodnom tádiu. Na súd-
nom vyetrovaní boli naozaj predloené dôkazy, e vojaci trénovali zatýka-
cie postupy pred 6. marcom a e bolo vyvinuté úsilie nájs vhodné miesto
v Gibraltári na väzbu podozrivých po ich zatknutí (pozri odseky 18 a 55).
203. It may be questioned why the three suspects were not arrested at
the border immediately on their arrival in Gibraltar and why, as emerged
from the evidence given by Inspector Ullger, the decision was taken not to
prevent them from entering Gibraltar if they were believed to be on a
bombing mission. Having had advance warning of the terrorists inten-
203. Mono poloi otázku, preèo neboli traja podozriví zatknutí na
hranici okamite po ich príchode do Gibraltáru a preèo, ako vyplynulo
z výpovede inpektora Ullgera, nebolo prijaté rozhodnutie zabráni im
vstúpi do Gibraltáru, ak sa o nich verilo, e majú bombovú misiu. Keïe
boli vopred upozornení na úmysly teroristov, bolo by urèite moné, aby or-
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
tions it would certainly have been possible for the authorities to have
mounted an arrest operation. Although surprised at the early arrival of the
three suspects, they had a surveillance team at the border and an arrest
group nearby (see paragraph 34 above). In addition, the Security Services
and the Spanish authorities had photographs of the three suspects, knew
their names as well as their aliases and would have known what passports
to look for (see paragraph 33 above).
gány pripravili zatýkaciu operáciu. Hoci orgány prekvapil skorý príchod
troch podozrivých, mali na hraniciach sledovací tím a v blízkosti zatýkaciu
skupinu (pozri odsek 34). Okrem toho bezpeènostné sluby a panielske
orgány mali fotografie troch podozrivých, vedeli ich mená, ako aj prezývky
a vedeli by aj to, aké pasy majú h¾ada (pozri odsek 33).
204. On this issue, the Government submitted that at that moment
there might not have been sufficient evidence to warrant the detention and
trial of the suspects...
204. V tejto veci vláda uviedla, e v danom okamihu by nemusel by
dostatok dôkazov oprávòujúcich väzbu a súdny proces podozrivých...
205. The Court confines itself to observing in this respect that the
danger to the population of Gibraltar which is at the heart of the Gover-
nments submissions in this case in not preventing their entry must be
considered to outweigh the possible consequences of having insufficient
evidence to warrant their detention and trial. In its view, either the autho-
rities knew that there was no bomb in the car which the Court has alrea-
dy discounted (see paragraph 181 above) or there was a serious miscalcu-
lation by those responsible for controlling the operation...
205. Súd sa v tejto súvislosti obmedzil na poznámku, e ohrozenie oby-
vate¾ov Gibraltáru èo je podstatou návrhov vlády v tomto prípade pri
nezabránení vstupu podozrivých treba povaova za prevaujúce nad mo-
nými dôsledkami nedostatoèných dôkazov oprávòujúcich ich väzbu a súd-
ny proces. Pod¾a názoru Súdu orgány buï vedeli, e v aute nie je bomba, èo
u Súd vylúèil (pozri odsek 181), alebo dolo k vánemu prepoèítaniu sa
zodpovedných za kontrolu operácie...
The decision not to stop the three terrorists from entering Gibraltar is
thus a relevant factor to take into account under this head.
Rozhodnutie nezabráni trom teroristom vstúpi do Gibraltáru je teda
relevantným faktorom, ktorý v tejto èasti treba bra do úvahy.
206. The Court notes that at the briefing on 5 March attended by
Soldiers A, B, C, and D it was considered likely that the attack would be by
way of a large car bomb. A number of key assessments were made. In parti-
cular, it was thought that the terrorists would not use a blocking car; that
the bomb would be detonated by a radio-control device; that the detona-
tion could be effected by the pressing of a button; that it was likely that
the suspects would detonate the bomb if challenged; that they would be
armed and would be likely to use their arms if confronted (see paragraphs
23-31 above).
206. Súd pripomína, e na intruktái 5. marca, na ktorej sa zúèastnili
vojaci A, B, C a D, sa povaovalo za pravdepodobné, e útok sa uskutoèní
ve¾kou bombou v aute. Prijal sa celý rad k¾úèových zhodnotení. Poèítalo sa
najmä s tým, e teroristi nepouijú blokujúce auto; e bomba bude odpále-
ná zariadením na dia¾kové ovládanie; e k odpáleniu by mohlo dôjs stlaèe-
ním tlaèidla; e bolo pravdepodobné, e podozriví odpália bombu, ak budú
konfrontovaní; e budú ozbrojení a pravdepodobne pouijú zbrane, ak bu-
dú konfrontovaní (pozri odseky 23-31).
207. In the event, all of these crucial assumptions, apart from the terro-
rists intentions to carry out an attack, turned out to be erroneous. Never-
theless, as has been demonstrated by the Government, on the basis of their
experience in dealing with the IRA, they were all possible hypotheses in a
situation where the true facts were unknown and where the authorities
operated on the basis of limited intelligence information.
207. V tomto prípade sa vetky tieto podstatné predpoklady s výnimkou
úmyslu teroristov uskutoèni útok ukázali ako mylné. Ako vak vláda preu-
kázala, na základe jej skúseností s IRA, za situácie, keï boli pravdivé sku-
toènosti neznáme a keï orgány konali na základe obmedzených spravodaj-
ských informácií, vetky hypotézy boli moné.
208. In fact, insufficient allowances appear to have been made for other
assumptions. For example, since the bombing was not expected until 8
March when the changing of the guard ceremony was to take place, there
was equally the possibility that the three terrorists were on a reconnaissan-
ce mission. While this was a factor which was briefly considered, it does
not appear to have been regarded as a serious possibility (see paragraph 45
above).
208. V skutoènosti sa na ïalie predpoklady nebral dostatoèný zrete¾.
Napríklad keïe výbuch bomby sa neoèakával do 8. marca, keï malo dôjs
k ceremónii výmeny strái, rovnako existovala monos, e traja teroristi
boli na prieskumnej akcii. Hoci ilo o skutoènos, ktorá sa krátko posudzo-
vala, nepovaovala sa za vánu monos (pozri odsek 45).
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
Okrem toho na intruktáach alebo po tom, èo spozorovali podozri-
vých, sa mohlo posúdi ako nepravdepodobné, e podozriví boli pripravení
odpáli bombu, a tak zabi ve¾a civilistov, keïe McCann a Farrellová ili
smerom k hraniènej oblasti, èo by zvyovalo riziko odhalenia a zatknutia
(pozri odsek 57). Rovnako sa mohlo posúdi ako nepravdepodobné, e v
tom okamihu by dopredu nastavili vysielaè, aby boli schopní odpáli pred-
pokladanú bombu hneï, ako budú konfrontovaní (pozri odsek 115)...
In addition, at the briefings or after the suspects had been spotted, it
might have been thought unlikely that they would have been prepared to
explode the bomb, thereby killing many civilians, as Mr McCann and Ms
Farrell strolled towards the border area since this would have increased the
risk of detection and capture (see paragraph 57 above). It might also have
been thought improbable that at that point they would have set up the
transmitter in anticipation to enable them to detonate the supposed bomb
immediately if confronted (see paragraph 115 above)...
209. V tejto súvislosti je ïalej znepokojujúce, e zhodnotenie urobené
vojakom G po zbenom vonkajom preskúmaní auta, e ilo o podozrivé
auto s bombou, bolo vojakom pod¾a ich vlastných výpovedí oznámené
ako koneèná identifikácia, e existovala taká bomba (pozri odseky 48 a
5152). Pripomína sa, e vojak G síce mal skúsenosti s bombami v autách,
no vylo najavo, e nie je odborníkom na rádiovú komunikáciu ani na vý-
buniny; a e jeho zhodnotenie, e ilo o podozrivé auto s bombou, zaloe-
né na jeho poznatku, e automobilová anténa nebola na mieste, bolo
v podstate skôr správou, e bombu nemono vylúèi (pozri odsek 53).
209. It is further disquieting in this context that the assessment made
by Soldier G, after a cursory external examination of the car, that there was
a suspect car bomb was conveyed to the soldiers, according to their own
testimony, as a definite identification that there was such a bomb (see
paragraphs 48, and 5152 above). It is recalled that while Soldier G had
experience in car bombs, it transpired that he was not an expert in radio
communications or explosives; and that his assessment that there was a
suspect car bomb, based on his observation that the car aerial was out of
place, was more in the nature of a report that a bomb could not be ruled
out (see paragraph 53 above).
210. Keïe sa na alternatívne monosti a definitívne nahlásenie existen-
cie automobilovej bomby, ktorá mohla by pod¾a vykonaného zhodnotenia
odpálená stlaèením tlaèidla, dostatoène neprihliadalo, rad pracovných hy-
potéz bol oznámený vojakom A, B, C a D ako istoty, èím sa pouitie smrte¾-
nej sily stalo takmer nevyhnutným.
210. In the absence of sufficient allowances being made for alternative
possibilities, and the definite reporting of the existence of a car bomb
which, according to the assessments that had been made, could be detona-
ted at the press of a button, a series of working hypotheses were conveyed
to Soldiers A, B, C and D as certainties, thereby making the use of lethal
force almost unavoidable.
211. Neschopnos vytvori podmienky pre krajnos omylu sa vak musí
posudzova aj v kombinácii s tréningom vojakov pokraèova v stre¾be, kto-
rú u zaèali, kým podozrivý nie je màtvy. Ako uviedol koroner vo svojej zá-
vereènej reèi pred porotou na súdnom vyetrovaní, vetci tyria vojaci strie-
¾ali, aby zabili podozrivých (pozri odseky 61, 63, 80 a 120). Vojak E svedèil,
e s vojakmi sa diskutovalo o tom, e narastá monos, e budú musie
strie¾a, aby zabili, keïe bude menej èasu, keï ide o tlaèidlové zariadenie
(pozri odsek 26). Za týchto okolností boli orgány viazané povinnosou re-
pektova právo na ivot podozrivých a postupova s najväèou opatrnosou
pri hodnotení informácií, ktoré mali k dispozícií, skôr ako ich postúpili vo-
jakom, ktorých pouitie zbraní automaticky zahàòalo zastrelenie.
211. However, the failure to make provision for a margin of error must
also be considered in combination with the training of the soldiers to
continue shooting once they opened fire until the suspect was dead. As
noted by the Coroner in his summing-up to the jury at the inquest, all four
soldiers shot to kill the suspects (see paragraphs 61, 63, 80 and 120 above).
Soldier E testified that it had been discussed with the soldiers that there
was an increased chance that they would have to shoot to kill since there
would be less time where there was a button device (see paragraph 26
above). Against this background, the authorities were bound by their obli-
gation to respect the right to life of the suspects to exercise the greatest of
care in evaluating the information at their disposal before transmitting it
to soldiers whose use of firearms automatically involved shooting to kill.
212. Hoci podrobnejie preskúmanie výcviku vojakov poèas súdneho vy-
etrovania bolo znemonené verejným záujmom... nie je zrejmé, èi boli tré-
novaní alebo pouèení zhodnoti, èi pouitie zbraní s úmyslom zrani ciele
mono povoli na základe osobitných okolností, ktoré vznikli v okamihu
zatýkania.
212. Although detailed investigation at the inquest into the training
received by the soldiers was prevented by the public interest... it is not clear
whether they had been trained or instructed to assess whether the use of
firearms to wound their targets may have been warranted by the specific
circumstances that confronted them at the moment of arrest.
Ich reflexnému konaniu v tejto dôleitej súvislosti chýba stupeò opatr-
nosti pri pouívaní zbraní, ktorá sa oèakáva od personálu vykonávajúceho
zákony v demokratickej spoloènosti, a to dokonca aj keï ide o nebezpeè-
Their reflex action in this vital respect lacks the degree of caution in
the use of firearms to be expected from law enforcement personnel in a
democratic society, even when dealing with dangerous terrorist suspects,
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
and stands in marked contrast to the standard of care reflected in the
instructions in the use of firearms by the police which had been drawn to
their attention and which emphasised the legal responsibilities of the indi-
vidual officer in the light of conditions prevailing at the moment of enga-
gement (see paragraphs 136 and 137 above).
ných podozrivých teroristov, a stavia ho do znaèného kontrastu s pravid-
lom opatrnosti preneseného do pokynov na pouitie zbraní políciou, na
ktoré boli upozornení a ktoré zdôrazòovali právnu zodpovednos jednotli-
vého dôstojníka vo svetle podmienok prevládajúcich v okamihu zásahu
(pozri odseky 136 a 137).
This failure by the authorities also suggests a lack of appropriate care
in the control and organisation of the arrest operation.
Táto neschopnos orgánov rovnako naznaèuje nedostatok primeranej
starostlivosti pri kontrole a organizácii zatýkacej operácie.
213. In sum, having regard to the decision not to prevent the suspects
from travelling into Gibraltar, to the failure of the authorities to make
sufficient allowances for the possibility that their intelligence assessments
might, in some respects at least, be erroneous and to the automatic recour-
se to lethal force when the soldiers opened fire, the Court is not persuaded
that the killing of the three terrorists constituted the use of force which
was no more than absolutely necessary in defence of persons from unlaw-
ful violence within the meaning of Article 2 para. 2 (a) of the Convention.
213. Celkovo povedané, majúc na zreteli rozhodnutie nezabráni podo-
zrivým pricestova do Gibraltáru, neschopnos orgánov dostatoène prihlia-
da na monos, e ich spravodajské zhodnotenia môu by prinajmenom
v niektorých súvislostiach mylné, ako aj automatické pouitie smrtiacej si-
ly, keï vojaci zaèali strie¾a, Súd nie je presvedèený, e zabitie troch teroris-
tov predstavuje pouitie sily, ktorá nebola väèia ne absolútne nevyhnut-
ná na obranu osôb pred nezákonným násilím v zmysle èlánku 2 ods. 2
písm. a) Dohovoru.
214. Accordingly, the Court finds that there has been a breach of Article of the Convention.
214. Z toho vyplýva, e Súd zisuje, e sa poruil èlánok 2 Dohovoru.
II. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 50 OF THE CONVENTION
II. APLIKÁCIA ÈLÁNKU 50 DOHOVORU
215. Article 50 of the Convention provides as follows:
215. Èlánok 50 Dohovoru stanovuje:
If the Court finds that a decision or a measure taken by a legal authority or
any other authority of a High Contracting Party is completely or partially in conflict
with the obligations arising from the Convention, and if the internal law of the said
Party allows only partial reparation to be made for the consequences of this decision
or measure, the decision of the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the
injured party.
Ak Súd zistí, e rozhodnutie alebo opatrenie súdneho alebo kadého iného or-
gánu Vysokej zmluvnej strany je úplne alebo èiastoène v rozpore so záväzkami vy-
plývajúcimi z tohto Dohovoru, a ak vnútrotátne právo tejto strany umoòuje len
èiastoèné odstránenie dôsledkov takého rozhodnutia alebo opatrenia, rozhodnutie
Súdu prizná v prípade potreby pokodenej strane spravodlivé zadosuèinenie.
...
...
219. ...having regard to the fact that the three terrorist suspects who
were killed had been intending to plant a bomb in Gibraltar, the Court
does not consider it appropriate to make an award under this head. It
therefore dismisses the applicants claim for damages.
219. ...majúc na zreteli skutoènos, e traja podozriví teroristi, ktorí boli
zabití, mienili v Gibraltári umiestni bombu, Súd nepovauje za vhodné
prisúdi rozhodnutie... (t. j. o spravodlivom zadosuèinení). Súd preto zamieta
návrh saovate¾ov na náhradu kôd.
...
...
M c C A N N A N D O T H E R S ve r s u s T H E U N I T E D KO N G D O M
M c C A N N A I N Í p r ot i S P O J E N É M U K R Á ¼ OV S T V U
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT
Z TÝCHTO DÔVODOV SÚD
1. Holds by ten votes to nine that there has been a violation of Article 2 of
1. Rozhodol desiatimi hlasmi k deviatim, e bol poruený èlánok 2 Doho-
the Convention;
...
voru;
...
3. Zamieta jednohlasne návrhy saovate¾ov na náhradu kôd;
3. Dismisses unanimously the applicants´claim for damages;
...
...
Herbert PETZOLD
Rolv RYSSDAL
Herbert PETZOLD
Rolv RYSSDAL
registrátor
prezident
Registrar
President
© Rada Europy / Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka, źródło: HUDOC (hudoc.echr.coe.int), pozyskano 13.07.2026. · Źródło