20524/92
WyrokETPCz1996-03-26ECLI:CE:ECHR:1996:0326JUD002052492
Analiza orzeczenia
Sekcja wygenerowana przez AI na podstawie treści orzeczenia — nie stanowi cytatu.
Zagadnienie prawne
Czy wykorzystanie w procesie karnym zeznań anonimowych świadków, których tożsamość nie została ujawniona obronie, oraz zeznań świadka, który wycofał swoje wcześniejsze obciążające zeznania, narusza prawo do rzetelnego procesu sądowego z art. 6 ust. 1 w związku z art. 6 ust. 3 lit. d) Konwencji?Ratio decidendi
Trybunał podkreślił, że ocena dowodów należy do sądów krajowych, a jego zadaniem jest ocena rzetelności całego postępowania. Stwierdził, że Konwencja nie wyklucza wykorzystania anonimowych informatorów na etapie śledztwa, a ich późniejsze użycie w procesie nie jest *per se* niezgodne z Konwencją, pod warunkiem wyważenia interesów obrony i świadków. W niniejszej sprawie Trybunał uznał, że istniały wystarczające powody do utrzymania anonimowości świadków Y.15 i Y.16 ze względu na ryzyko odwetu. Procedury zastosowane przez sędziego śledczego (przesłuchanie w obecności obrońcy, który mógł zadawać pytania, z wyjątkiem tych ujawniających tożsamość) uznano za wystarczające do zrównoważenia trudności obrony. Kluczowe było również to, że skazanie nie opierało się *wyłącznie ani w decydującym stopniu* na zeznaniach anonimowych świadków, a sądy krajowe potraktowały je z należytą ostrożnością. W odniesieniu do świadka N., który wycofał zeznania, Trybunał uznał, że sąd krajowy miał prawo przypisać pewną wiarygodność jego wcześniejszym zeznaniom, a to nie uczyniło procesu nierzetelnym.Stan faktyczny
Skarżący, obywatel Holandii, został aresztowany w 1988 roku pod zarzutem handlu narkotykami. Policja zebrała zeznania od około 150 narkomanów, z których ośmiu zidentyfikowało skarżącego jako handlarza. Sześciu z tych świadków (Y.05, Y.06, Y.13, Y.14, Y.15, Y.16) pozostało anonimowych z obawy przed odwetem. Dwóch świadków (R. i N.) było znanych z nazwiska. Sąd krajowy oparł wyrok skazujący na zeznaniach świadków N., R., Y.15 i Y.16, traktując zeznania anonimowych świadków z ostrożnością.Rozstrzygnięcie
Stwierdza, siedmioma głosami do dwóch, że nie doszło do naruszenia artykułu 6 § 1 w związku z artykułem 6 § 3 (d) Konwencji.Pełny tekst orzeczenia
7
8.
DOORSON
proti HOLANDSKU
rozsudok
Európskeho súdu pre ¾udské práva
z 26. marca 1996
(Na preklad sa pouil
originálny rozsudok Európskeho súdu pre ¾udské práva
54/1994/501/503)
Preklad: JUDr. Robert Fico, CSc.
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
CHARAKTERISTIKA SANOSTI
NAJVÝZNAMNEJIE PRÁVNE VETY
Saovate¾, obèan Holandska, bol odsúdený na nepodmieneèný trest
1. Dohovor nevyluèuje, aby sa pri vyetrovaní trestných èinov pouili také
zdroje, ako sú anonymní informátori. Následné pouitie ich výpovedí
v konaní pred súdom s cie¾om odôvodni odsúdenie vak môe vyvola
otázky pod¾a Dohovoru. Pouitie anonymných informátorov vak nie je
za iadnych okolností nezluèite¾né s Dohovorom.
odòatia slobody za obchodovanie s drogami. Pri odsúdení holandské súdy
vychádzali aj z výpovedí anonymných svedkov narkomanov. Anonymní
svedkovia vypovedali iba na polícii a pred vyetrujúcim sudcom a z dôvodu
strachu pred pomstou zo strany saovate¾a odmietli svedèi na verejnom
súdnom pojednávaní. Obhajoba, ktorá sa zúèastnila na vypoèúvaní ano-
nymných svedkov pred vyetrujúcim sudcom, nepoznala ich totonos a
nemala monos konfrontova týchto svedkov na hlavnom pojednávaní.
Holandské súdy odôvodòovali potrebu zataji totonos anonymných sved-
kov a nepredvola ich na verejné súdne pojednávanie potrebou chráni
záujmy svedkov, ako sú ich ivot, sloboda alebo osobná bezpeènos. Odsú-
denie saovate¾a vak nebolo zaloené výluène len na výpovediach týchto
svedkov.
2. Úlohou Európskeho súdu pod¾a Dohovoru nie je rozhodnú, èi sa vý-
povede svedkov pripustili riadne ako dôkazy. Toto je úlohou vnútrotát-
nych súdov. Európsky súd má iba zisti, èi konanie ako celok vrátane
spôsobu, ktorým sa dôkazy získali, bolo spravodlivé. Európsky súd ne-
môe abstraktne rozhodnú, e by sa na dôkaz poskytnutý svedkom na
verejnom súde a pod prísahou malo vdy spolieha, a to prednostne
pred inými výpoveïami tohto istého svedka poèas trestného konania,
a to dokonca ani vtedy, ak by tieto výpovede boli v rozpore.
Saovate¾ tvrdil, e holandské súdy takýmto postupom poruili èlánok ods. 1 a 3 písm. d) Dohovoru, ktorý kadému obvinenému z trestného èi-
nu, okrem iných práv, zaruèuje právo na spravodlivý súdny proces a právo
vypoè alebo da vypoèúva svedkov obaloby a dosiahnu predvolanie a vý-
sluch svedkov obhajoby za rovnakých podmienok ako u svedkov obaloby.
3. Zmluvné táty by mali organizova svoje trestné konanie tak, aby záuj-
my svedkov a obetí neboli neodôvodnene ohrozované. Zásady spravodli-
vého súdneho procesu rovnako poadujú, aby sa záujmy obhajoby vyva-
ovali záujmami svedkov alebo obetí predvolaných svedèi.
4. Nemono hovori o poruení èlánku 6 ods. 1 v spojitosti s èlánkom 6
ods. 3 písm. d) Dohovoru, ak sa zistí, e znevýhodnenia, s ktorými ob-
hajoba bojovala pri pouití výpovedí anonymných svedkov, dostatoène
vyváil postup súdnych orgánov.
5. I keï vyvaujúce postupy dostatoène kompenzujú nevýhody, s ktorými
musí obhajoba pri pouití výpovedí anonymných svedkov bojova, od-
súdenie by nemalo by zaloené, èi u výluène, alebo v rozhodujúcej
miere, na anonymných výpovediach.
6. S dôkazmi získanými od anonymných svedkov za podmienok, keï ne-
môu by zabezpeèené práva obhajoby v miere bene poadovanej Do-
hovorom, by sa malo zaobchádza s výnimoènou opatrnosou.
DOORSON versus THE NETHERLAND
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
EURÓPSKY SÚD PRE ¼UDSKÉ PRÁVA
26. marca 1996
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS March 1996
CASE OF DOORSON
PRÍPAD DOORSON
JUDGMENT
(abridged)
ROZSUDOK
(krátené)
In the case of Doorson,
V prípade Doorson
The European Court of Human Rights, sitting, in accordance with Article of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamen-
tal Freedoms ( the Convention ) and the relevant provisions of Rules of
Court B, as a Chamber composed of the following judges:
Európsky súd pre ¾udské práva, zasadajúc v súlade s èlánkom 43 Dohovoru
o ochrane ¾udských práv a základných slobôd (Dohovor) a príslunými
ustanoveniami Rokovacieho poriadku Súdu B, v komore zloenej z týchto
sudcov:
Mr R. RYSSDAL, President,
Mr THÓR VILHJÁLMSSON,
Mr J. DE MEYER,
R. RYSSDAL, prezident,
THÓR VILHJÁLMSSON,
J. DE MEYER,
Mr N. VALTICOS,
Mr S. K. MARTENS,
Mr F. BIGI,
N. VALTICOS,
S. K. MARTENS,
F. BIGI,
Mr A. B. BAKA,
A. B. BAKA,
Mr L. WILDHABER,
Mr D. GOTCHEV,
L. WILDHABER,
D. GOTCHEV,
and also of Mr H. PETZOLD, Registrar, and Mr P. J. MAHONEY, Deputy Re-
gistrar,
ako aj H. PETZOLD, registrátor, a P. J. MAHONEY, zástupca registrátora,
Having deliberated in private on 27 October 1995 and 20 February
1996,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the lastmen-
tioned date:
radiac sa na neverejnom zasadnutí 27. októbra 1995 a 20. februára
1996,
vynáa tento rozsudok, ktorý bol prijatý v posledne uvedenom dni:
DOORSON versus THE NETHERLAND
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
KONANIE1
...
PROCEDURE
...
AS TO THE FACTS
K FAKTOM
I. PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE
A. The police investigation
I. OSOBITNÉ OKOLNOSTI PRÍPADU
A. Policajné vyetrovanie
7. The applicant is a Netherlands citizen born in 1958 and resident in
Amsterdam.
7. Saovate¾, narodený v roku 1958, je obèanom Holandska a má trvalé
bydlisko v Amsterdame.
8. In August 1987 the prosecuting authorities decided to take action
8. V auguste 1987 sa orgány èinné v trestnom konaní rozhodli zakroèi
proti problémom spôsobeným obchodovaním s drogami v Amsterdame. Po-
lícia zostavila série fotografií osôb podozrivých ako priekupníkov s drogami.
Fotografie ukázala pribline 150 narkomanom s cie¾om získa od nich výpo-
vede. Po podobnej akcii v roku 1986, keï sa narkomanom, ktorí vypovedali
na polícii, vyhráalo, vak nastalo to, e väèina z narkomanov, ktorým uká-
zali fotografie, bola pripravená vypoveda iba za podmienky, e ich totonos
nebude prezradená priekupníkom s drogami, ktorých identifikovali.
against the nuisance caused by drug trafficking in Amsterdam. The police
had compiled sets of photographs of persons suspected of being drug
dealers. These were shown to about 150 drug addicts in order to collect
statements from them. However, following a similar action in 1986 when
drug addicts who had made statements to the police had been threatened,
it turned out that most of those to whom photographs were shown were
only prepared to make statements on condition that their identity was not
disclosed to the drug dealers whom they identified.
V kadej z ukázaných sérií fotografií bola jedna fotografia osoby, o kto-
rej sa vedelo, e je nevinná. Výpovede osôb, ktoré identifikovali túto foto-
grafiu ako fotografiu priekupníka s drogami, sa povaovali za nedôvery-
hodné a nebrali sa do úvahy.
In each set of photographs shown there was one of a person known to
be innocent. Statements made by persons who identified this photograph
as that of a drug dealer were regarded as unreliable and discounted.
9. In September 1987 the police received information from a person
referred to by the police under the code number GH.021/87 that the appli-
cant was engaged in drug trafficking. The applicants identification pho-
tograph, which had been taken in 1985, was thereupon included by the
police in the collection of photographs shown to drug addicts.
9. V septembri 1987 polícia získala informáciu od osoby vedenej polí-
ciou pod kódovaným èíslom GH. 021/87, e saovate¾ bol zapojený do ob-
chodovania s drogami. Polícia nato zaradila saovate¾ovu identifikaènú
fotografiu urobenú v roku 1985 do zbierky fotografií, ktoré ukázali narko-
manom.
10. A number of drug addicts subsequently stated to the police that
they recognised the applicant from his photograph and that he had sold
drugs. Six of these drug addicts remained anonymous; they were referred
to by the police under the code names Y. 05, Y. 06, Y.13, Y.14, Y.15 and Y.16.
The identity of two others was disclosed, namely R. and N.
10. Nieko¾ko narkomanov potom na polícií vyhlásilo, e na fotografii
saovate¾a spoznali a e predával drogy. iesti z týchto narkomanov zostali
v anonymite; polícia ich viedla pod kódovanými menami Y.05, Y.06, Y.13,
Y.14, Y.15 a Y.16. Totonos ïalích dvoch narkomanov bola odhalená, me-
novite R. a N.
1V tejto èasti Európsky súd pre ¾udské práva uvádza svoj procedurálny postup pri prejed-
návaní tohto prípadu. Pozn. autora.
DOORSON versus THE NETHERLAND
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
B. Proceedings before the Regional Court
B. Konanie na regionálnom súde
11. On 12 April 1988 the applicant was arrested on suspicion of having
committed drug offences. It appears that he was subsequently taken into
detention on remand.
11. Dòa 12. apríla 1988 bol saovate¾ zatknutý pre podozrenie zo spá-
chania trestných èinov spojených s drogami. Potom bol vzatý do väzby.
12. On 13 April 1988 the applicant was shown the photograph made of
him by the police and recognised it as a photograph of himself.
12. Dòa 13. apríla 1988 ukázali saovate¾ovi jeho fotografiu urobenú
políciou a saovate¾ ju uznal ako fotografiu jeho vlastnej osoby.
13. A preliminary judicial investigation (gerechtelijk vooronderzoek) was
opened, during which the applicants lawyer submitted a request for an
examination of the witnesses referred to in the police report in the appli-
cants case. The investigating judge (rechtercommissaris) accordingly orde-
red the police to bring these witnesses before him on 30 May 1988 between
9.30 a.m. and 4 p.m. The applicants lawyer was notified and invited to
attend the questioning of these witnesses before the investigating judge.
13. Zaèalo sa predbené súdne vyetrovanie (gerechtelijk vooronderzoek),
poèas ktorého obhajca saovate¾a predloil poiadavku na vypoèutie sved-
kov uvedených v policajnej správe týkajúce sa saovate¾ovho prípadu. Vy-
etrujúci sudca (rechtercommissaris) nato polícii nariadil, aby týchto sved-
kov predvolala pred neho na 30. mája 1988 medzi 9.30 a 16.00 hod. Sao-
vate¾ovho obhajcu informovali o tom a pozvali ho, aby sa zúèastnil na vy-
poèúvaní týchto svedkov pred vyetrujúcim sudcom.
14. On 30 May 1988 the applicants lawyer arrived at the investigating
judges chambers at 9.30 a.m. However, after an hour and a half had
elapsed and none of the witnesses had appeared, he concluded that no
questioning would take place. He therefore left for another appointment.
According to the lawyer he did so with the consent of the investigating
judge, Judge M., who had promised him that if the witnesses should turn
up later that day, they would not be heard but would be required to appear
for questioning at a later date so that he would be able to attend.
14. Dòa 30. mája 1988 saovate¾ov obhajca priiel do úradu vyetrujú-
ceho sudcu o 9.30 hod. Po tom, èo uplynula hodina a pol a iadny zo sved-
kov sa neobjavil, vak dospel k záveru, e sa iadne vypoèúvanie neuskutoè-
ní. Preto odiiel za ïalími povinnosami. Obhajca tvrdil, e tak urobil so
súhlasom vyetrujúceho sudcu, sudcu M., ktorý mu pris¾úbil, e keï sa
svedkovia dostavia v tento deò neskorie, nebudú vypoèutí, ale poiadajú
ich dostavi sa na výsluch neskôr tak, aby sa ho obhajca mohol zúèastni.
After the lawyer had left, two of the eight witnesses referred to in the
police report turned up and were heard by the investigating judge in the
absence of the lawyer, witness Y.15 at about 11.15 a.m. and witness Y.16 at
about 3 p.m.
Po tom, èo obhajca odiiel, dvaja z ôsmich svedkov uvedených v policaj-
nej správe sa dostavili a vyetrujúci sudca ich vypoèul v neprítomnosti ob-
hajcu, a to svedka Y.15 okolo 11.15 hod. a svedka Y.16 okolo 15.00 hod.
From an official record of his findings (procesverbaal van bevindingen)
drawn up by Judge M. on 17 June 1988, it appears that Y.15 and Y.16 did
not keep a promise to return for further questioning on 3 June.
Z úradného záznamu (procesverbaal van bevindingen) spísaného sudcom
M. 17. júna 1988 vyplýva, e Y.15 a Y.16 nedodrali s¾ub vráti sa na ïalie
vypoèúvanie 3. júna.
15. On 19 July 1988 the applicant appeared before the Amsterdam
Regional Court (arrondissementsrechtbank) on charges of drug trafficking.
At the prosecutors request, the court decided to adjourn its examination
until 25 August 1988.
15. Dòa 19. júla 1988 saovate¾ predstúpil pred amsterdamský regio-
nálny súd (arrondissementsrechtbank) na základe obvinenia z obchodovania
s drogami. Súd na základe iadosti prokurátora rozhodol odroèi svoje ko-
nanie do 25. augusta 1988.
16. On 25 August 1988 the Regional Court resumed the hearing. As the
Regional Court was differently composed, it recommenced its examination
of the case. The applicants lawyer requested the court to refer the case
back to the investigating judge for an examination of the six anonymous
witnesses and to hear the two named witnesses R. and N. itself. The court
refused the first request but ordered the witnesses R. and N. to be brought
before it and adjourned the hearing until 4 October 1988.
16. Dòa 25. augusta 1988 regionálny súd pokraèoval v pojednávaní.
Keïe regionálny súd bol zloený inak, znovu zaèal preskúmavanie prípa-
du. Obhajca saovate¾a poiadal súd, aby vrátil prípad spä vyetrujúcemu
sudcovi na vypoèutie iestich anonymných svedkov a aby súd vypoèul
dvoch menovaných svedkov R. a N. Súd odmietol prvú poiadavku, ale na-
riadil, aby pred súd predvolali svedkov R. a N. a odroèil pojednávanie do 4.
októbra 1988.
The Regional Court also refused a request made by the defence for the
Regionálny súd rovnako odmietol poiadavku obhajoby skonèi alebo
DOORSON versus THE NETHERLAND
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
applicants detention on remand to be terminated or else suspended, being
of the opinion that the applicant was still under suspicion and that the
reasons for which the detention on remand had been ordered were still
valid.
inak prerui saovate¾ovu väzbu, pretoe bol toho názoru, e saovate¾ je
stále podozrivý a e dôvody, pre ktoré bola väzba nariadená, stále platia.
One of the judges sitting on this occasion was a certain Judge Sm.
Jeden zo sudcov zasadajúci pri tejto príleitosti bol nejaký sudca Sm.
17. On 29 September 1988 the applicants lawyer submitted to the
Regional Court a number of documents including the judgment of the Eu-
ropean Court of Human Rights in the case of Unterpertinger v. Austria
(judgment of 24 November 1986, Series A no. 110) and the report of the
European Commission of Human Rights in the case of Kostovski v. the
Netherlands (report of 12 May 1988, application no. 11454/85).
17. Dòa 29. septembra 1988 obhajca saovate¾a predloil regionálnemu
súdu nieko¾ko dokumentov vrátane rozsudku Európskeho súd pre ¾udské
práva v prípade Unterpertinger v. Rakúsko (rozsudok z 24. novembra 1986,
Séria A, è. 110) a správy Európskej komisie pre ¾udské práva v prípade Kos-
tovski v. Holandsko (správa z 12. mája 1988, sanos è. 11454/85).
18. On 4 October 1988 the Regional Court resumed the proceedings. In
view of the fact that a21 three judges of the Regional Court had been
replaced, the court again recommenced its examination. The defence again
made a request to have the six anonymous witnesses examined, which was
refused.
18. Dòa 4. októbra 1988 regionálny súd pokraèoval v konaní. Vzh¾a-
dom na skutoènos, e vetci traja sudcovia regionálneho súdu boli vyme-
není, súd opä zaèal preskúmavanie prípadu. Obhajoba opä poiadala
o vypoèutie iestich anonymných svedkov, èo bolo odmietnuté.
The named witness N. appeared, R. did not. Both the prosecution and
the defence were given the opportunity to put questions to N. Asked to
identify the applicant, N. stated that he did not recognise him. On being
shown the applicant s photograph, he said that he recognised it as that of
a man who had given him heroin when he was ill. However, towards the
end of his examination he stated that he was no longer quite sure of recog-
nising the man on the photograph; it might be that the man who had
given him the heroin only resembled that man. He further alleged that
when shown the photographs by the police, he had only identified the
applicant s photograph as that of a person from whom he had bought
drugs because at the time he had felt very ill and had been afraid that the
police might not give him back the drugs which they had found in his
possession.
Menovaný svedok N. predstúpil, R. sa nedostavil. Obaloba aj obhajoba
dostali monos klás otázky N. Keï bol N. poiadaný, aby identifikoval
saovate¾a, vyhlásil, e ho nepozná. Keï mu ukázali fotografiu saovate-
¾a, povedal, e ju spoznáva ako fotografiu mua, ktorý mu dal heroín, keï
bol chorý. Na konci svojho výsluchu vak vyhlásil, e u si ïalej nie je cel-
kom istý, e pozná mua na fotografii; je moné, e mu, ktorý mu dal he-
roín, sa iba podobá na tohto mua. N. ïalej uviedol, e keï mu polícia
ukázala fotografie, iba identifikoval saovate¾ovu fotografiu ako fotogra-
fiu osoby, od ktorej kúpil drogy, pretoe v tom èase sa cítil ve¾mi chorý a
bál sa, e polícia mu mono nevráti spä drogy, ktoré u neho nala.
Súd odloil ïalie preskúmavanie prípadu do 29. novembra 1988, pri-
èom nariadil predvolanie svedkov R. a N. a na základe návrhu obhajoby aj
predvolanie L., znalca z problematiky obchodovania s drogami a zneuíva-
nia drog. Súd nariadil, aby svedka R. pred súd predviedla polícia.
The court adjourned its further examination until 29 November 1988,
ordering the appearance of the witnesses R. and N., and on a motion of
the defence of L., an expert in the field of problems related to drug traf-
ficking and abuse. It ordered the witness R. to be brought before it by the
police.
19. On 29 November 1988 the Regional Court resumed its hearing. The
expert L. appeared and was questioned before the court.
19. Dòa 29. novembra 1988 regionálny súd pokraèoval v pojednávaní.
He doubted whether statements such as that made by the drug addicts
in the present case could be qualified as voluntarily made. In any event
such statements were in his opinion highly unreliable because before pho-
tographs were shown all kinds of promises were made so that when it came
to identifying individuals the persons concerned knew exactly what was
expected of them by the interrogator, whether police officer or judge.
Predstúpil znalec L. a súd ho vypoèul. Znalec spochybnil, e by výpove-
de, ktoré urobili narkomani v tomto prípade, mohli by kvalifikované ako
dobrovo¾ne urobené. Takéto výpovede boli, pod¾a jeho názoru v kadom
prípade zvlá nedôveryhodné, pretoe predtým, ako boli predloené foto-
grafie, narkomani dostali vetky druhy s¾ubov, take keï dolo k identifi-
kácii osôb, dotknuté osoby presne vedeli, èo sa od nich oèakávalo zo strany
vypoèúvajúceho, èi u policajného úradníka, alebo sudcu.
DOORSON versus THE NETHERLAND
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
The witnesses N. and R. did not appear, the latter despite the order that
Svedkovia N. a R. sa nedostavili, svedok R. napriek nariadeniu, e má
by pred súd predvedený políciou. Obhajoba potom stiahla svoju poiadav-
ku vypoèu R. a N. pred súdom, aby sa vyhla ïaliemu odroèeniu pojedná-
vania, ktoré by znamenalo predåenie saovate¾ovej väzby.
he be brought before the court by the police. The defence thereupon with-
drew its request to have R. and N. examined before the court in order to
avoid a further adjournment of the hearing which would mean prolonging
the applicants detention on remand.
The applicants lawyer gave a critical analysis of the statements made by
the anonymous witnesses. He remarked moreover that there were no valid
reasons for preserving their anonymity as it had not been demonstrated
that the applicant had ever taken reprisal action or was of a violent dispo-
sition.
Obhajca saovate¾a urobil kritickú analýzu výpovedí anonymných
svedkov. Navye poznamenal, e neexistovali prijate¾né dôvody zachovania
ich anonymity, keïe sa nepreukázalo, e by saovate¾ niekedy prijal od-
vetné opatrenie, alebo mal násilnícke sklony.
20. On 13 December 1988 the Regional Court convicted the applicant
of drug trafficking and sentenced him to fifteen months imprisonment.
In so doing it took into consideration the fact that the applicant had pre-
viously been convicted of similar offences.
20. Dòa 13. decembra 1988 regionálny súd odsúdil saovate¾a za ob-
chodovanie s drogami a potrestal ho na pätnás mesiacov väzenia. Súd pri-
tom vzal do úvahy skutoènos, e saovate¾ u bol odsúdený za podobné
trestné èiny.
C. Proceedings before the Court of Appeal
C. Konanie na odvolacom súde
21. Saovate¾ sa odvolal na amsterdamský odvolací súd (gerechtshof).
21. The applicant appealed to the Amsterdam Court of Appeal (gerecht-
shof).
22. Obhajca saovate¾a poiadal listom zo 6. novembra 1989 generál-
neho prokurátora (procureurgeneraal) odvolacieho súdu o predvolanie ano-
nymných svedkov, menovaných svedkov N. a R. a znalca L., aby boli vypo-
èutí na súdnom pojednávaní, ktoré bolo stanovené na 30. novembra.
22. By letter of 6 November 1989 the applicants lawyer requested the
procurator general (procureurgeneraal) of the Court of Appeal to summon
the anonymous witnesses, the named witnesses N. and R. and the expert L.
for questioning at that courts hearing, which was scheduled on 30 No-
vember.
Generálny prokurátor odpovedal listom z 22. novembra, e predvolá N.,
R. a L., ale nie anonymných svedkov, pretoe si praje zachova ich anonymi-
tu. Ak to bude nevyhnutné, odvolací súd môe rozhodnú na pojednávaní
o vypoèutí týchto svedkov neverejne vyetrujúcim sudcom.
The procurator general replied by letter of 22 November that he would
summon N., R. and L. but not the anonymous witnesses as he wished to
preserve their anonymity. If necessary, the Court of Appeal could decide at
the hearing to order these witnesses to be heard in camera by the investi
gating judge.
23. Dòa 24. novembra 1989 obhajca saovate¾a napísal predsedovi od-
volacieho súdu a poiadal ho, aby boli iesti anonymní svedkovia predvola-
ní. Na podporu tejto iadosti obhajca zdôraznil, e ani jeho klient, ani on
sám nemali nikdy príleitos vypoèu týchto svedkov. V tejto súvislosti od-
kázal na rozsudok Európskeho súdu pre ¾udské práva v prípade Kostovski
v. Holandsko, ktorý bol vynesený pred tyrmi dòami (rozsudok z 20. no-
vembra 1989, Séria A, è. 166).
23. On 24 November 1989 the applicants lawyer wrote to the president
of the Court of Appeal requesting that the six anonymous witnesses be
summoned. In support of this request he pointed out that neither his
client nor he had ever had the opportunity to question these witnesses. In
his context he referred to the judgment of the European Court of Human
Rights in the case of Kostovski v. the Netherlands, which had been delive-
red four days earlier (judgment of 20. November 1989, Series A no. 166).
24. Na pojednávaní na odvolacom súde 30. novembra 1989 sa zúèastnil
znalec L., ale nedostavil sa ani jeden zo svedkov. Saovate¾ preto poiadal,
aby pojednávanie bolo odroèené, aby svedkovia mohli by na výsluch na ve-
rejnom súde predvolaní neskorie alebo, ako alternatíva, vyetrujúcim sud-
com.
24. The hearing the Court of Appeal on 30 November 1989 was atten-
ded by the expert L. but none of the witnesses appeared. The applicant the-
refore requested that the hearing be adjourned so that they might be sum-
moned for questioning in open court at a later date or, in the alternative
by the investigating judge.
DOORSON versus THE NETHERLAND
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
The Court of Appeal decided to verify the necessity of maintaining the
Odvolací súd nariadil overi nevyhnutnos zachovania anonymity sved-
kov a na tento úèel vrátil prípad spä vyetrujúcemu sudcovi. Odvolací súd
rovnako poiadal vyetrujúceho sudcu, aby vypoèul svedkov po rozhod-
nutí, èi treba zachova ich anonymitu, alebo nie v súvilosti so skutoènos-
ami pripisovanými saovate¾ovi a aby poskytol jeho obhajcovi monos
zúèastni sa na tomto vypoèúvaní v miestnosti, kde k nemu dôjde, a klás
svedkom otázky. Súd rovnako vyslovil elanie, aby sa série fotografií pouí-
vaných políciou, ak stále existujú, zaloili do spisu. Nakoniec súd nariadil
predvolanie svedkov R. a N. a znalca L. a odroèil pojednávanie sine die.
anonymity of the witnesses and referred the case back to the investigating
judge for this purpose. The Court of Appeal also requested the investiga-
ting judge to examine the witnesses after deciding whether their anony-
mity should be preserved or not with respect to the facts imputed to the
applicant, and to offer his lawyer the opportunity both t attend this exa-
mination in the room in which it would take place and to put questions to
the witnesses. The court also expressed the wish that the series of photog-
raphs used by the police should, if still available, be added to the file. Final-
ly, it ordered the appearance of the witnesses R. and N. and the expert L.
before it and adjourned the hearing sine die.
25. On 14 February 1990 the investigating judge heard the witnesses
Y.15 and Y.16 in the presence of the applicants lawyer. The investigating
judge was Judge Sm. of the Amsterdam Regional Court, who had taken
part in the hearing on 25 August 1988 as a member of the trial court and
in the decisions taken on that occasion (see paragraph 16 above).
25. Dòa 14. februára 1990 vyetrujúci sudca vypoèul svedkov Y.15 a Y.16
za prítomnosti saovate¾ovho obhajcu. Vyetrujúcim sudcom bol sudca
Sm. z amsterdamského regionálneho súdu, ktorý sa zúèastnil na pojedná-
vaní 25. augusta 1988 ako èlen súdu a ktorý pri tejto príleitosti aj rozho-
doval (pozri odsek 16).
The lawyer was given the opportunity to put questions to the witnesses
but was not informed of their identity. The identity of both witnesses was
known to the investigating judge.
Obhajca dostal monos klás svedkom otázky, ale nebol informovaný
o ich totonosti. Totonos obidvoch svedkov bola známa vyetrujúcemu
sudcovi.
Both witnesses expressed the wish to remain anonymous and not to
appear in court. Witness Y.16 stated that he had in the past suffered inju-
ries at the hands of another drug dealer after he had talked and feared
similar reprisals from the applicant. Witness Y.15 stated that he had in the
past been threatened by drug dealers if he were to talk. He further stated
that the applicant was aggressive. The investigating judge concluded from
the reasons given that both witnesses had sufficient reason to wish to
maintain their anonymity and not to appear in open court.
Obidvaja svedkovia vyjadrili prianie zosta anonymnými a nevystupova
na súde. Svedok Y.16 vyhlásil, e v minulosti utrpel zranenia na rukách od
iného priekupníka s drogami po tom, èo hovoril a obáva sa podobných
odvetných akcií od saovate¾a. Svedok Y.15 vyhlásil, e sa mu v minulosti
priekupníci s drogami vyhráali, ak bude hovori. Ïalej vyhlásil, e saova-
te¾ bol agresívny. Na základe uvedených dôvodov vyetrujúci sudca doiel
k záveru, e obidvaja svedkovia mali dostatoèné dôvody, aby si priali zacho-
va svoju anonymitu a nevystupova na verejnom súde.
Y.15 and Y.16 were extensively questioned, both by the investigating
judge and by the applicants lawyer. The latter inquired, inter alia, into their
reasons for testifying against a dealer who they both said sold good quality
drugs and asked them whether they were being paid for giving evidence.
Neither Y.15 nor Y.16 refused to answer any of the questions put by the
applicants lawyer. They both stated that they had bought drugs from the
applicant and that they had seen him selling drugs to others. They again
identified him from the police photograph and gave descriptions of his
appearance and dress.
Y.15 a Y.16 boli obírne vypoèutí aj vyetrujúcim sudcom, aj obhajcom
saovate¾a. Obhajca skúmal, inter alia, dôvody svedkov, preèo svedèili proti
priekupníkovi, ktorý, ako obidvaja povedali, predával drogy dobrej kvality a
spýtal sa ich, èi im zaplatili za poskytnutie dôkazu. Ani Y.15, ani Y.16 neod-
mietli odpoveda na ktorúko¾vek z otázok poloenú obhajcom saovate¾a.
Obidvaja vyhlásili, e od saovate¾a kúpili drogy a e ho videli predáva
drogy iným. Opä ho identifikovali z policajnej fotografie a poskytli opis je-
ho výzoru a obleèenia.
Y.16 stated in addition that the police had rehearsed his previous state-
ment with him before taking him to see the investigating judge.
Y.16 ïalej vyhlásil, e polícia si s ním zopakovala jeho predchádzajúcu
výpoveï pred tým, ako ho predviedli vyetrujúcemu sudcovi.
The official record of the examination of Y.15 mentions that the inves-
tigating judge, having come to the conclusion that Y.15 had good reasons
for not wishing to have his identity revealed or to be heard in open court;
placed him on oath; a similar statement is lacking in the official record of
the examination of Y.16.
V úradnom zázname výsluchu Y. 15 sa uvádza, e vyetrujúci sudca, do-
siahnuc záver, e Y.15 mal dobré dôvody nepria si, aby jeho totonos bola
odhalená, alebo aby bol vypoèutý na verejnom súde, vzal Y.15 pod prísahu;
podobné vyhlásenie chýba v úradnom zázname z výsluchu Y.16.
DOORSON versus THE NETHERLAND
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
26. On 20 March 1990 Judge Sm. drew up an official record of her
26. Dòa 20. marca 1990 sudca Sm. spísal úradný záznam obsahujúci in-
formácie získané od polície a týkajúce sa svedkov Y.05, Y.06, Y.13 a Y.14.
Y.06, ktorý bol cudzí tátny prísluník, bol vyhostený z Holandska. Miesto
pobytu Y.13 bolo neznáme. Y.05 a Y.14 boli videní, ale pokusy vystopova
ich, aby boli predvedení pred vyetrujúceho sudcu, neboli úspené. Sudca
dodal, e bez sérií fotografií sa polícia nemôe zaobís; ak by to vak odvo-
lací súd nariadil, polícia by ich mohla predloi na pojednávaní.
findings containing information obtained from the police with regard to
witnesses Y.05, Y.06, Y.13 and Y.14. Y.06, who was a foreign national, had
been expelled from the Netherlands. Y.13s place of residence was
unknown. Y.05 and Y.14 had been seen but attempts to trace them so as to
bring them before the investigating judge had not been successful. She
added that the sets of photographs could not be spared by the police;
however, should the Court of Appeal so order, the police could produce
them at the trial.
On the same day Judge Sm. returned the file to the Court of Appeal.
V ten istý deò sudca Sm. vrátil súdny spis odvolaciemu súdu.
27. After notice had been given to the defence that the hearing of the
Court of Appeal would resume on 10 May 1990, the applicant s lawyer
requested the procurator general by letter of 17 April 1990 to summon all
six anonymous witnesses, Y.05, Y.06, Y.13, Y.14, Y.15 and Y.16, to attend.
27. Po tom, èo obhajobe oznámili, e odvolací súd bude pokraèova
v pojednávaní 10. mája 1990, obhajca saovate¾a poiadal generálneho
prokurátora listom zo 17. apríla 1990 o predvolanie vetkých iestich ano-
nymných svedkov, a to Y.05, Y.06, Y.13, Y.14, Y.15 a Y.16.
On 2 May 1990, the procurator general refused this request on the
ground that Y.15 and Y.16 had been heard for a second time in the presen-
ce of the applicant s lawyer by the investigating judge, who had been aware
of their identity and had found that they had valid reasons for their wish
to remain anonymous. He further found that in view of the findings of the
investigating judge it would serve no useful purpose to attempt to call the
other anonymous witnesses. It was also necessary to take into account the
desirability of bringing proceedings to an end as expeditiously as possible
(lites finiri oportet).
Dòa 2. mája 1990 generálny prokurátor odmietol túto iados na tom
základe, e Y.15 a Y.16 boli vypoèutí u druhýkrát za prítomnosti obhajcu
saovate¾a vyetrujúcim sudcom, ktorý poznal ich totonos a ktorý doiel
k záveru, e mali prijate¾né dôvody pria si zosta anonymnými. Generálny
prokurátor ïalej zistil, e vzh¾adom na závery vyetrujúceho sudcu by po-
kus o predvolanie ostatných anonymných svedkov neslúil iadnemu ui-
toènému úèelu. Rovnako bolo nevyhnutné zobra do úvahy poiadavku
vies konanie ku koncu tak rýchlo, ako je len moné (lites finiri oportet).
28. On 10 May 1990 the Court of Appeal recommenced its examina-
tion, having changed composition.
28. Dòa 10. mája 1990 odvolací súd znovu zaèal preskúmavanie prípa-
du, prièom zmenil svoje zloenie.
The defence again asked the court to hear R. and N. and the six anony-
mous witnesses. The court, however, further considering the wish of the
witnesses Y.15 and Y.16 to remain anonymous, concluded that it had been
decided on sufficiently convincing grounds that these two witnesses had
good reasons to feel seriously threatened, in view, inter alia, of police
records contained in the case file from which it appeared that there was a
real possibility that drug dealers might threaten potential witnesses. Accor-
dingly, it did not order them to be summoned. As to the witnesses Y.05,
Y.06, Y.13 and Y.14, the court accepted the findings of the investigating
judge that it would be pointless to summon them.
Obhajoba opä poiadala súd vypoèu R. a N. a iestich anonymných
svedkov. Súd vak ïalej, zvaujúc prianie svedkov Y.15 a Y.16 zosta ano-
nymnými, doiel k záveru, e na základe dostatoène presvedèivých dôvodov
sa rozhodlo, e títo dvaja svedkovia majú dobré dôvody cíti sa váne
ohrození vzh¾adom na, inter alia, policajné záznamy obsiahnuté v súdnom
spise, z ktorých vyplývalo, e existovala reálna monos, e priekupníci
s drogami by mohli ohrozi potenciálnych svedkov. Preto súd nenariadil,
aby boli predvolaní. Pokia¾ ilo o svedkov Y.05, Y.06, Y.13 a Y.14, súd akcep-
toval závery vyetrujúceho sudcu, e by nemalo význam ich predvola.
On the other hand, the Court of Appeal ordered that the witnesses R.
and N. be brought before it by force and adjourned its hearing until 28
August 1990.
Na druhej strane odvolací súd nariadil, aby svedkovia R. a N. boli pred-
vedení pred súd a odroèil pojednávanie do 28. augusta 1990.
29. By letter of 15 August 1990 the defence again requested the procu-
rator general to produce the six anonymous witnesses. By letter of 17
August 1990 they also asked him to call K. , a university lecturer in crimi-
nology who had done a great deal of research on drug addicts in Amster-
dam, and V. , a former drug addict who had personal experience of interro-
gation by the police.
29. Listom z 15. augusta 1990 obhajoba opä poiadala generálneho
prokurátora predvola iestich anonymných svedkov. Listom zo 17. augusta ho obhajoba takisto iadala predvola K., univerzitného uèite¾a kri-
minológie, ktorý urobil rozsiahly výskum o narkomanoch v Amsterdame, a
V., bývalého narkomana, ktorý mal osobné skúsenosti z policajného vypo-
èúvania.
DOORSON versus THE NETHERLAND
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
30. The procurator general refused both requests on 22 August 1990.
As regards the six anonymous witnesses, he referred to his earlier deci-
sions of 22 November 1989 and 2 May 1990 and reiterated the finding of
the Court of Appeal of 10 May 1990.
30. Generálny prokurátor odmietol obidve poiadavky 22. augusta
1990.
Pokia¾ ilo o iestich anonymných svedkov, generálny prokurátor odká-
zal na svoje predchádzajúce rozhodnutia z 22. novembra 1989 a 2. mája a viackrát zopakoval rozhodnutie odvolacieho súdu z 10. mája 1990.
He based his decision not to call K. and V. on the fact that K. had
published a book which rendered his views sufficiently clear and which the
defence could quote at the hearing if desired, and on the assumption that
V. would not be able to make statements about anything other than his
own experiences as a person suspected of drug offences. It was also unne-
cessary to call either of them in view of the fact that the expert L. would
appear at the hearing on 28 August.
Svoje rozhodnutie nepredvola K. a V. zaloil na skutoènosti, e K. vydal
knihu, ktorá dostatoène jasne prezentovala jeho názory a ktorú, ak si to
bude ela obhajoba, môe citova na pojednávaní, ako aj na predpoklade,
e V. by nebol schopný vypoveda o nieèom inom ako o svojej vlastnej skú-
senosti ako osoby podozrivej z trestných èinov spojených s drogami. iad-
neho z nich nebolo treba predvola ani vzh¾adom na skutoènos, e znalec
L. bude na pojednávaní 28. augusta.
31. On 28 August 1990, the Court of Appeal resumed its hearing.
31. Dòa 28. augusta 1990 odvolací súd pokraèoval vo svojom pojedná-
vaní.
The witness V., who was in prison, did not appear. The defence withdrew
its request to have him heard but maintained its request that the Court of
Appeal should hear the six anonymous witnesses and the expert K.
Svedok V., ktorý bol vo väzení, sa nedostavil. Obhajoba stiahla svoju
iados, aby bol vypoèutý, ale ponechala svoju iados, e odvolací súd by
mal vypoèu iestich anonymných svedkov a znalca K.
Referring to its decision of 10 May, the Court of Appeal refused to acce-
de to the request of the defence to hear the six anonymous witnesses.
However, in view of the judgment of the Supreme Court of 2 July 1990 (see
paragraph 46 below), it decided to refer the case back td the investigating
judge, requesting her to record her findings as to the reliability of the
witnesses Y.15 and Y.16:, adding that if in order to appraise their reliability
the investigating judge found it necessary to hear them again she should
do so. .
Odvolací súd, odkazujúc na svoje rozhodnutie z 10. mája, odmietol sú-
hlasi so iadosou obhajoby vypoèu iestich anonymných svedkov. Vzh¾a-
dom na rozsudok najvyieho súdu z 2. júla 1990 (pozri odsek 46) vak
rozhodol vráti prípad spä vyetrujúcemu sudcovi, prièom ho poiadal,
aby spísal svoje poznatky, pokia¾ ide o dôveryhodnos svedkov Y.15 a Y.16,
dodajúc, e ak vyetrujúci sudca bude povaova za nevyhnutné opä ich
vypoèu, aby zhodnotil ich dôveryhodnos, mal by tak urobi.
Although the expert K. was present at the hearing on 28 August 1990,
having been convened by the defence, the Court of Appeal decided not to
hear him. The reason given was that as an expert rather than a witness he
could not be expected to contribute to the elucidation of the facts of the
case.
Hoci znalec K. bol prítomný na pojednávaní 28. augusta 1990, a to na
základe predvolania obhajobou, odvolací súd rozhodol nevypoèu ho. Ako
dôvod uviedol, e od neho, skôr ako znalca ne svedka, nemono oèakáva,
e prispeje k objasneniu okolností prípadu.
The witness N. was heard by the Court of Appeal in the applicants
presence and the applicants lawyer was given the opportunity to question
him. N. said that his statement to the police had been untrue and that he
did not in fact know the applicant.
Odvolací súd vypoèul svedka N. v prítomnosti saovate¾a a obhajca
saovate¾a mal monos klás mu otázky. N. vyhlásil, e jeho výpoveï na
polícii bola nepravdivá a e v skutoènosti saovate¾a nepozná.
In pursuance of the courts order of 10 May 1990 that he be brought by
force, the named witness R. was present initially. It appears that before he
was heard, he asked the court usher who was guarding him for permission
to leave for a minute; this being allowed him, he then disappeared and
could not be found again. The court subsequently ordered that he be
brought before it by force at its next hearing on 22 November 1990.
Menovaný svedok R. bol prítomný na zaèiatku, pretoe v súlade s naria-
dením súdu z 10. mája 1990 mal by predvedený. Predtým, ako ho vypoèuli,
poiadal súdneho uvádzaèa, ktorý ho stráil, o povolenie na chví¾u odís;
to mu bolo umonené a svedok R. sa stratil a nemohli ho opä nájs. Súd
potom nariadil, e má by predvedený na ïalie pojednávanie 22. novembra
1990.
The Court of Appeal heard the expert L., who stated that drug addicts
often made unreliable statements concerning alleged drug dealers to the
Odvolací súd vypoèul znalca L., ktorý vyhlásil, e narkomani èasto ne-
dôveryhodne vypovedajú na polícii, pokia¾ ide o podozrivých priekupníkov
DOORSON versus THE NETHERLAND
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
police. He understood from drug addicts that police officers made promi-
ses to them and that they made statements only in order to be allowed to
leave as soon as possible. Such statements were, in his view, somewhere
between the truth and a lie.
s drogami. Od narkomanov sa dozvedel, e policajní úradníci im dávajú
s¾uby a e vypovedajú len preto, aby sa im umonilo odís tak rýchlo, ako je
to moné. Takéto výpovede boli pod¾a jeho názoru niekde medzi pravdou
a klamstvom.
32. On 19 November 1990 the investigating judge, Judge Sm., drew up a
record of her findings regarding the reliability of the statements made to
her by Y.15 and Y.16 on 14 February 1990.
32. Dòa 19. novembra 1990 vyetrujúci sudca, sudca Sm., vypracoval zá-
znam svojich poznatkov, pokia¾ ilo o dôveryhodnos výpovedí, ktoré pred
ním urobili Y.15 a Y.16 14. februára 1990.
She stated in this document that she could not remember faces of the
two witnesses, but having reread the records interrogations could recall
more or less what had happened. the impression that both witnesses knew
whom they were talking and had identified the applicants photograph
without hesitation. regard to the facts of which the applicant stood accu-
sed, impression had been that the witnesses themselves believed t state-
ments to be true. As far as she remembered, both witnesses answered all
questions readily and without hesitating although they made a somewhat
sleepy impression.
Vyetrujúci sudca v tomto dokumente vyhlásil, e si nemôe spomenú
na tváre týchto dvoch svedkov, no po opätovnom preèítaní zápisníc z výslu-
chov si viac alebo menej pripomenul, èo sa stalo. Vyetrujúci sudca mal do-
jem, e obidvaja svedkovia vedeli, o kom hovoria a identifikovali saovate-
¾ovu fotografiu bez váhania. Vzh¾adom na skutoènosti, z ktorých bol sa-
ovate¾ obvinený, mal dojem, e svedkovia verili, e ich výpovede sú pravdi-
vé. Pokia¾ sa pamätal, obidvaja svedkovia odpovedali na vetky otázky po-
hotovo a bez váhania, hoci pôsobili akýmsi ospalým dojmom.
33. At the Court of Appeals hearing on 22 November 1990, t. witness
R. did not appear, the police having been unable to find him The court
thereupon decided that a new order for R.s appearance would, be poin-
tless.
33. Svedok R. sa nedostavil na pojednávanie odvolacieho súdu 22. no-
vembra 1990 a polícia nebola schopná ho nájs. Súd na to rozhodol, e no-
vé nariadenie predvola R. by bolo zbytoèné.
The procurator general brought forward a police officer, I., who had
been involved in the investigation and asked that he be heard. The appli-
cant s lawyer protested that the expert K. had not been heard and that the
defence had no opportunity to prepare for the questioning of I.; to agree to
hear I. now would prejudice the rights of the defence. The Court of Appeal
nonetheless acceded to the request, and I. was heard concerning the way in
which the investigation had been conducted. I. explained that from 1982
until 1988 he had been a member of a police team set up to fight drug traf-
ficking in the centre of Amsterdam. Over the years that team had built up
a good understanding with many of the drug addicts living in that area;
making use of that relationship, they had asked them for information on
drug dealers. Their cooperation was wholly voluntary. I. denied that the
police made promises to drug addicts or put pressure on them; nor were
photographs shown to addicts who had been arrested. In his assessment
the statements made by drug addicts were therefore highly reliable. Moreo-
ver, action was only taken against alleged drug dealers if there were at least
eight statements incriminating them. He further confirmed that it had
happened in the past that convicted drug dealers, after serving their
sentence, had threatened and assaulted drug addicts who had made incri-
minating statements against them. Although he had never known the
applicant to resort to violence or threats, he did not rule out the possibility
that he might do so.
Generálny prokurátor predvolal policajného úradníka I., ktorý bol za-
pojený do vyetrovania, a poiadal, aby bol vypoèutý. Obhajca saovate¾a
protestoval, e znalec K. nebol vypoèutý a e obhajoba nemala monos
pripravi sa na výsluch I.; teraz by súhlas vypoèu I. pokodil práva obhajo-
by. Odvolací súd vak súhlasil s poiadavkou a vypoèul I. o spôsobe, kto-
rým bolo vedené vyetrovanie. I. vysvetlil, e od roku 1982 do 1988 bol èle-
nom policajnej skupiny urèenej na boj proti obchodovaniu s drogami
v centre Amsterdamu. Poèas týchto rokov si skupina vybudovala dobré
vzahy s mnohými narkomanmi ijúcimi v tejto oblasti. Vyuívajúc tieto
vzahy polícia ich iadala o informácie o priekupníkoch s drogami. Táto
spolupráca bola celkom dobrovo¾ná. I. poprel, e polícia dávala s¾uby nar-
komanom alebo vyvíjala na nich tlak; zatknutým narkomanom sa neuka-
zovali ani fotografie. Pod¾a jeho hodnotenia boli preto výpovede narkoma-
nov znaène dôveryhodné. Naviac, proti podozrivým priekupníkom s droga-
mi sa opatrenia prijímali len vtedy, ak existovalo najmenej osem výpovedí,
ktoré ich inkriminovali. Ïalej potvrdil, e v minulosti sa stalo, e odsúdení
priekupníci s drogami po tom, èo vykonali svoj trest, sa vyhráali a napáda-
li narkomanov, ktorí urobili proti nim inkriminujúce výpovede. Hoci sa ni-
kdy nedozvedel, e by sa saovate¾ uchy¾oval k násiliu alebo hrozbám, ne-
vylúèil monos, e by tak mohol urobi.
The defence challenged the reliability of the statements made by the
various witnesses, both named and anonymous, pointing to what they
Obhajoba napadla dôveryhodnos výpovedí viacerých svedkov, aj meno-
vaných, aj anonymných, poukazujúc na to, èo obhajoba povaovala za ne-
DOORSON versus THE NETHERLAND
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
considered to be inconsistencies among them. They objected particularly
to the admission as evidence of the statements made by Y.16 and Y.15, on
the grounds, inter alia, that both were drug addicts and that the investiga-
ting judges record of her findings of 20 March 1990 did not contain a
statement that she believed that the witnesses had been telling the truth.
Relying on the Hauschildt v. Denmark judgment of the European Court of
Human Rights of 24 May 1989 (Series A no. 154), they moreover expressed
doubts as to the impartiality of the investigating judge, Judge Sm., in that
as a member of the Regional Court she had taken part in the hearing of
the Regional Court of 25 August 1988 and in the decisions then made.
They protested against the refusal to hear K.
zrovnalosti medzi nimi. Osobitne namietala prípustnos dôkazu výpoveïa-
mi Y.16 a Y.15 na tom základe, inter alia, e obidvaja boli narkomani a e zá-
znam vyetrujúceho sudcu z 20. marca 1990 o jeho poznatkoch neobsahuje
vyhlásenie o tom, e sudca verí, e svedkovia hovorili pravdu. Opierajúc sa
o rozsudok Európskeho súdu pre ¾udské práva z 24. mája 1989 vo veci Ha-
uschildt v. Dánsko (Séria A, è. 154) obhajoba naviac vyjadrila pochybnosti
o nestrannosti vyetrujúceho sudcu Sm., a to v tom, e ako èlen regionálne-
ho súdu sa zúèastnil na pojednávaní regionálneho súdu 25. augusta 1988,
ako aj na rozhodnutiach vtedy prijatých. Obhajoba protestovala proti od-
mietnutiu vypoèu K.
34. On 6 December 1990, the Court of Appeal quashed the Regional
Courts judgment of 13 December 1988, as it was adopting a different
approach with regard to the evidence.
34. Dòa 6. decembra 1990 odvolací súd zruil rozsudok regionálneho
súdu z 13. decembra 1988, pretoe odvolací súd zaujal rozdielny postoj
k dôkazom.
It found the applicant guilty of the deliberate sale of quantities of hero-
in and cocaine.
Odvolací súd uznal saovate¾a vinného z úmyselného predaja heroínu
a kokaínu.
...
...
As regards the applicants complaint that the majority of the witnesses
had not been heard in the presence of the applicant or his lawyer, the court
stated that it had based its conviction on evidence given by the witnesses
N., R., Y.15 and Y.16.
Pokia¾ ilo o saovate¾ovu sanos, e väèina svedkov nebola vypoèu-
tá v prítomnosti saovate¾a alebo jeho obhajcu, súd vyhlásil, e odsúdenie
zaloil na dôkazoch poskytnutých svedkami N., R., Y.15 a Y.16.
The latter two had been questioned by the investigating judge in the
presence of the applicants lawyer. The Court of Appeal added that it had
used their statements with the necessary caution. and circumspection.
Posledných dvoch menovaných vypoèul vyetrujúci sudca v prítomnosti
saovate¾ovho obhajcu. Odvolací súd dodal, e výpovede týchto svedkov
pouil s nevyhnutnou pozornosou a obozretnosou.
...
...
The witness N. had been heard in open court both at first instance and
on appeal.
Svedka N. vypoèuli na verejnom súde, a to ako na prvom stupni, tak aj
na odvolacom.
...
...
Finally, the mere fact that the defence had not had the opportunity to
question R. did not mean that his statement could not be used in evidence.
Nakoniec samotná skutoènos, e obhajoba nemala monos klás otáz-
ky R., neznamenala, e jeho výpoveï nemohla by pouitá ako dôkaz.
The Court of Appeal rejected the applicants complaint based on the
alleged lack of impartiality of Judge Sm.
Odvolací súd odmietol saovate¾ovu sanos zaloenú na údajnom
nedostatku nestrannosti sudcu Sm.
...
...
The applicant was sentenced to 15 months imprisonment. The time
which he had spent in police custody and detention on remand was de-
ducted from the sentence.
Saovate¾ bol odsúdený na pätnás mesiacov väzenia. Obdobie, ktoré
strávil v policajnom zadraní a vo väzbe, sa mu odpoèítalo z trestu.
DOORSON versus THE NETHERLAND
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
D. Proceedings before the Supreme Court
D. Konanie na najvyom súde
35. Saovate¾ podal dovolanie na najvyí súd (Hoge Raad).
35. The applicant filed an appeal on points of law to the Supreme
Court (Hoge Raad).
...
...
36. Najvyí súd zamietol saovate¾ove dovolanie 24. marca 1992 v sú-
lade s poradným názorom generálneho advokáta (advocaatgeneraal) pána
Fokkensa.
36. In accordance with the advisory opinion of the Advocate General
(advocaatgeneraal), Mr Fokkens, the applicants appeal was rejected by the
Supreme Court on 24 March 1992.
...
...
PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION
KONANIE PRED KOMISIOU
48. Mr Doorson applied to the Commission on 27 June 1992. He clai-
med that he had been a victim of violations of Article 6 § 1 and 3 (d) of the
Convention in that he had been convicted on the evidence of witnesses
who had not been heard in his presence and whom he had not had the
opportunity to question, in that the Court of Appeal had accepted the
evidence of the anonymous witnesses on the basis of the statement of an
investigating judge who at a previous stage of the proceedings had partici-
pated in a decision to prolong his detention on remand, and in that the
Court of Appeal had refused to hear an expert brought forward by the
defence but had agreed to hear an expert brought forward by the prosecu-
tion. He also alleged a lack of respect for his private life, in violation of
Article 8 of the Convention, in that his photograph had been shown to
third parties without any basis in law.
48. Pán Doorson sa obrátil na Komisiu 27. júna 1992. Tvrdil, e sa stal
obeou poruenia èlánku 6 ods. 1 a ods. 3 písm. d) Dohovoru v tom, e bol
odsúdený na základe dôkazov poskytnutých svedkami, ktorí neboli vypo-
èutí v jeho prítomnosti a ktorým nemal monos klás otázky, v tom, e
odvolací súd prijal dôkazy poskytnuté anonymnými svedkami na základe
vyhlásenia vyetrujúceho sudcu, ktorý sa v predchádzajúcom tádiu kona-
nia zúèastnil na rozhodovaní o predåení jeho väzby, ako aj v tom, e odvo-
lací súd odmietol vypoèu znalca predvolaného obhajobou, súhlasil vak
vypoèu znalca predvolaného obalobou. Ako poruenie èlánku 8 Dohovo-
ru saovate¾ ïalej tvrdil nerepektovanie jeho súkromného ivota v tom,
e jeho fotografiu ukázali tretím osobám bez právneho dôvodu.
49. On 29 November 1993 the Commission declared the application
(no. 20524/92) admissible in so far as it concerned Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 (d)
and inadmissible for the remainder.
49. Dòa 29. novembra 1993 Komisia vyhlásila sanos (è. 20524/92) za
prijate¾nú, pokia¾ sa týkala èlánku 6 ods. 1 a ods. 3 písm. d), a za neprija-
te¾nú v zostatku.
In its report of 11 October 1994 (Article 31), it expressed the opinion,
by fifteen votes to twelve, that there had been no violation of those provi-
sions.
Komisia vo svojej správe z 11. októbra 1994 (èlánok 31) vyjadrila názor
pätnástimi hlasmi proti dvanástim, e nedolo k porueniu týchto ustano-
vení.
...
...
DOORSON versus THE NETHERLAND
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
PRÁVO
AS TO THE LAW
I. ROZSAH PRÍPADU PRED SÚDOM
I. SCOPE OF THE CASE BEFORE THE COURT
51. In his memorial and again at the hearing, the applicant complained
51. Saovate¾ sa vo svojom podaní a opätovne na pojednávaní saoval,
e len osem z pribline 150 výpovedí osôb, ktorým ukázali fotografie podo-
zrivých priekupníkov s drogami, bolo zaloených do spisu (pozri odseky 8
a 10); zostávajúcich 142 nemala obhajoba k dispozícii.
that of the approximately 150 statements of persons to whom the photog-
raphs of suspected drug dealers were shown, only eight were included in
the case file (see paragraphs 8 and 10 above); the other 142 were not made
available to the defence.
He also raised various claims about the use made of the statements of
the anonymous witnesses Y.05, Y.06, Y.13 and Y.14, about the procedure for
confronting witnesses and informants with photographs of suspected
drug dealers and about the fact (admitted by Y.16 himself see paragraph above) that the police had rehearsed his statement with him while
taking him to see the investigating judge.
Saovate¾ rovnako vzniesol rozlièné námietky proti tomu, ako sa po-
uili výpovede anonymných svedkov Y.05, Y.06, Y.13 a Y.14, proti spôsobu
konfrontácie svedkov a informátorov s fotografiami podozrivých priekup-
níkov s drogami a proti skutoènosti (pripustenej samotným Y.16 pozri
odsek 25), e polícia si s ním zopakovala jeho výpoveï, keï ho predvádzala
pred vyetrujúceho sudcu.
These are new complaints. They were not raised as such in the procee-
dings before the Commission; nor were they encompassed by the Commis-
sions decision on admissibility. They go beyond mere legal submissions
put forward in support of the complaints declared admissible. That being
so, the Court has no jurisdiction to entertain them (see the Erkner and
Hofauer v. Austria judgment of 23 April 1987, Series A no. 117, p. 61, § 63).
Toto sú nové sanosti. Ako také neboli vznesené v konaní pred Komi-
siou; rovnako neboli obsiahnuté ani v rozhodnutí Komisie o prijate¾nosti.
Tieto sanosti idú nad rámec právnych tvrdení predloených na podporu
tých saností, ktoré boli vyhlásené za prijate¾né. Súd takto nemá oprávne-
nie zaobera sa nimi (pozri rozsudok vo veci Erkner a Hofauer v. Rakúsko
z 23. apríla 1987, Séria A, è. 117, str. 61, ods. 63).
52. Before the Commission the applicant alleged that his case had not
been decided by an impartial tribunal. He referred to the fact that the
anonymous witnesses Y.15 and Y.16 had been heard by an investigating
judge of the Regional Court, Judge Sm., who had also recorded her finding
that Y.15 and Y.16 believed their statements to be the truth (see paragraphs and 32 above). The Court of Appeal had based its opinion that these
witnesses were reliable on that finding (see paragraph 34 above). Judge Sm.
had previously, as a member of the trial court hearing the case at first
instance, participated in a decision to prolong the applicants detention on
remand (see paragraph 16 above).
52. Saovate¾ pred Komisiou tvrdil, e jeho prípad nerozhodol ne-
stranný tribunál. Odkazoval na skutoènos, e anonymní svedkovia Y.15 a
Y.16 boli vypoèutí vyetrujúcim sudcom regionálneho súdu, sudcom Sm.,
ktorý rovnako zaznamenal svoje poznatky, e Y.15 a Y.16 verili, e ich výpo-
vede sú pravdivé (pozri odseky 25 a 32). Odvolací súd zaloil svoj názor, e
títo svedkovia boli dôveryhodní, na týchto poznatkoch (pozri odsek 34).
Sudca Sm. sa predtým ako èlen súdu prejednávajúceho prípad na prvom
stupni zúèastnil na rozhodovaní o predåení saovate¾ovej väzby (pozri od-
sek 16).
Ani jedna zo strán neodkazovala na tento problém v konaní pred Sú-
dom, èi u v ich podaniach, alebo na pojednávaní. Súd nevidí dôvod vyjad-
rova sa k záleitosti z vlastnej iniciatívy.
None of the parties referred to this issue in the proceedings before the
Court, whether in their memorials or at the hearing. The Court sees no
reason to address the matter of its own motion.
II. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 § 1
TAKEN TOGETHER WITH ARTICLE 6 § 3 (d)
OF THE CONVENTION
II. ÚDAJNÉ PORUENIE ÈLÁNKU 6 ODS. 1
V SPOJITOSTI S ÈLÁNKOM 6 ODS. 3 PÍSM. d)
DOHOVORU
53. Saovate¾ tvrdil, e získanie, prejednanie a dôveryhodnos dôkazov
získaných od urèitých svedkov poèas trestného konania vedeného proti ne-
mu zasiahlo do práv obhajoby za súèasného poruenia èlánku 6 ods. 1 a
ods. 3 písm. d) Dohovoru, ktorý stanovuje:
53. The applicant alleged that the taking of, hearing of and reliance on
evidence from certain witnesses during the criminal proceedings against
him infringed the rights of the defence, in violation of Article 6 §§ 1 and 3
(d) of the Convention, which provide as follows:
DOORSON versus THE NETHERLAND
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
1. In the determination... of any criminal charge against him, everyone is entit-
led to a fair... hearing... by an... impartial tribunal...
1. Pri rozhodovaní... o akomko¾vek trestnom obvinení je kadý oprávnený na
spravodlivé... prejednanie... nestranným tribunálom...
...
...
3. Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights:
3. Kadý, kto je obvinený z trestného èinu, má tieto minimálne práva:
...
...
(d) to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendan-
ce arid examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as
witnesses against him;...
d) vypoèúva alebo da vypoèúva svedkov proti sebe a dosiahnu predvolanie a vy-
poèutie svedkov vo svoj prospech za rovnakých podmienok ako svedkov proti se-
be;...
Neither the Commission nor the Government endorsed this view.
Ani Komisia, ani vláda nepotvrdili tento názor.
...
...
B. The Courts assessment
1. The Courts general approach
B. Hodnotenie Súdu
1. Veobecný prístup Súdu
66. As the requirements of Article 6 § 3 are to be seen as particular
aspects of the right to a fair trial guaranteed by Article 6 § 1, the Court will
examine the complaints under Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 (d) taken together (see,
among many other authorities, the Delta v. France judgment of 19 Decem-
ber 1990, Series A no. 191A, p. 15, § 34).
66. Keïe poiadavky èlánku 6 ods. 3 treba vidie ako osobitné aspekty
práva na spravodlivý súdny proces zaruèeného èlánkom 6 ods. 1, Súd pre-
skúma sanosti pod¾a èlánku 6 ods. 1 a ods. 3 písm. d) spoloène (pozri,
medzi inými, rozsudok vo veci Delta v. Francúzsko z 19. decembra 1990,
Séria A, è. 191A, str. 15, ods. 34).
67. The Court reiterates that the admissibility of evidence is primarily a
matter for regulation by national law and as a general rule it is for the
national courts to assess the evidence before them. The Courts task under
the Convention is not to give a ruling as to whether statements of. witnes-
ses were properly admitted as evidence; but rather to ascertain whether the
proceedings as a whole, including the way in which evidence was taken,
were fair (see, among other authorities, the abovementioned Kostovski
judgment, p. 19, §39).
67. Súd viackrát zopakoval, e prípustnos dôkazov je predovetkým zá-
leitosou vnútrotátnej právnej úpravy a ako veobecné pravidlo patrí
vnútrotátnym súdom hodnoti dôkazy, ktoré sú pred nimi. Pod¾a Doho-
voru nie je úlohou Súdu rozhodnú, èi výpovede svedkov boli riadne pri-
pustené ako dôkaz, ale zisti, èi konanie ako celok vrátane spôsobu pred-
kladania dôkazov bolo spravodlivé (pozri, medzi inými, horeuvedený roz-
sudok vo veci Kostovski, str. 19, ods. 39).
2. The anonymous witnesses Y.15 and Y.16
2. Anonymní svedkovia Y.15 a Y.16
68. The Court agrees with the Commissions Delegate that no issue
arises in relation to the fact that Investigating Judge M. heard Y.15 and Y.16
in the absence of the applicant s counsel in the course of the preliminary
judicial investigation, since in the course of the subsequent appeal procee-
dings these two witnesses were heard in counsels presence (see paragraph above).
68. Súd súhlasí so zástupcom Komisie, e iadna otázka nevzniká v sú-
vislosti so skutoènosou, e vyetrujúci sudca M. vypoèul Y.15 a Y.16 poèas
predbeného súdneho vyetrovania v neprítomnosti saovate¾ovho obhaj-
cu, pretoe v priebehu následného odvolacieho konania boli títo dvaja
svedkovia vypoèutí v prítomnosti obhajcu (pozri odsek 25).
69. As the Court has held on previous occasions, the Convention does
not preclude reliance, at the investigation stage, on sources such as anony-
mous informants. The subsequent use of their statements by the trial
court to found a conviction is however capable of raising issues under the
69. Ako Súd rozhodol pri predchádzajúcich príleitostiach, Dohovor
nevyluèuje spolieha sa vo vyetrovacom tádiu na také zdroje ako sú ano-
nymní informátori. Následné pouitie ich výpovedí procesným súdom
s cie¾om odôvodni odsúdenie vak môe vyvola otázky pod¾a Dohovoru
DOORSON versus THE NETHERLAND
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
Convention (see the abovementioned Kostovski judgment, p. 21, § 44, and
the Windisch v. Austria judgment of 27 September 1990, Series A no. 186,
p. 11, § 30).
(pozri horeuvedený rozsudok vo veci Kostovski, str. 21, ods. 44 a rozsudok
vo veci Windisch v. Rakúsko z 27. septembra 1990, Séria A, è. 186, str. 11,
ods. 30).
As was already implicit in paragraphs 42 and 43 of the abovementio-
ned Kostovski judgment (loc. cit., pp. 2021), such use is not under all
circumstances incompatible with the Convention.
Ako u bolo implicitne zahrnuté v odsekoch 42 a 43 horeuvedeného
rozsudku vo veci Kostovski (str. 2021), takéto pouitie nie je za iadnych
okolností nezluèite¾né s Dohovorom.
70. It is true that Article 6 does not explicitly require the interests of
witnesses in general, and those of victims called upon to testify in particu-
lar, to be taken into consideration. However, their life, liberty or security of
person may be at stake, as may interests coming generally within the ambit
of Article 8 of the Convention: Such interests of witnesses and victims are
in principle protected by other, substantive provisions of the Convention,
which imply that Contracting States should organise their criminal proce-
edings in such a way that those interests are not unjustifiably imperilled.
Against this background, principles of fair trial also require that in
appropriate cases the interests of the defence are balanced against those of
witnesses or victims called upon to testify.
70. Je pravda, e èlánok 6 výslovne nepoaduje, aby sa záujmy svedkov
vo veobecnosti, a najmä záujmy obetí predvolaných svedèi brali do úvahy.
Môe vak ís o ich ivot, slobodu alebo osobnú bezpeènos, ale môe ís aj
o záujmy veobecne spadajúce do rozsahu èlánku 8 Dohovoru. Takéto zá-
ujmy svedkov a obetí sú v zásade chránené inými hmotnoprávnymi ustano-
veniami Dohovoru, z ktorých vyplýva, e zmluvné táty by mali organizova
svoje trestné konanie tak, aby tieto záujmy neboli neodôvodnene ohrozova-
né. Na základe tohto zásady spravodlivého súdneho procesu rovnako poa-
dujú, aby záujmy obhajoby boli v primeraných prípadoch vyvaované záuj-
mami svedkov alebo obetí predvolaných svedèi.
71. As the Amsterdam Court of Appeal made clear, its decision not to
disclose the identity of Y.15 and Y.16 to the defence was inspired by the
need, as assessed by it, to obtain evidence from them while at the same
time protecting them against the possibility of reprisals by the applicant
(see paragraph 28 above). This is certainly a relevant reason to allow them
anonymity. It remains to be seen whether it was sufficient.
71. Ako amsterdamský odvolací súd objasnil, jeho rozhodnutie neodha-
li totonos Y.15 a Y.16 obhajobe bolo inpirované potrebou, ako ju zhod-
notil súd, získa od nich dôkazy, a súèasne ich chráni pred monosou od-
platy saovate¾om (pozri odsek 28). Toto je urèite relevantný dôvod povo-
li im anonymitu. Zostáva zisti, èi dôvod bol dostatoèný.
Although, as the applicant has stated, there has been no suggestion
that Y.15 and Y.16 were ever threatened by the applicant himself, the deci-
sion to maintain their anonymity cannot be regarded as unreasonable per
se. Regard must be had to the fact, as established by the domestic courts
and not contested by the applicant, that drug dealers frequently resorted
to threats or actual violence against persons who gave evidence against
them (see paragraph 28 above). Furthermore, the statements made by the
witnesses concerned to the investigating judge show that one of them had
apparently on a previous occasion suffered violence at the hands of a drug
dealer against whom he had testified, while the other had been threatened
(see paragraph 25 above).
Hoci sa netvrdilo, ako vyhlásil saovate¾, e by sa sám niekedy vyhráal
Y.15 a Y.16, rozhodnutie zachova ich anonymitu nemono povaova za
neodôvodnené per se. Treba vzia do úvahy skutoènos, ako ju zistili vnút-
rotátne súdy a ktorú saovate¾ nespochybnil, e priekupníci s drogami sa
èasto uchy¾ujú k hrozbám alebo skutoènému násiliu proti osobám, ktoré
proti nim poskytovali dôkazy (pozri odsek 28). Naviac výpovede dotknu-
tých svedkov pred vyetrujúcim sudcom ukazujú, e jeden z nich pri pred-
chádzajúcej príleitosti zjavne utrpel násilím priekupníka s drogami, proti
ktorému svedèil, kým druhému sa vyhráali (pozri odsek 25).
In sum, there was sufficient reason for maintaining the anonymity of
Y.15 and Y.16.
Celkovo existoval dostatoèný dôvod na zachovanie anonymity Y.15 a
Y.16.
72. The maintenance of the anonymity of the witnesses Y.15 and Y.16
presented the defence with difficulties which criminal proceedings should
not normally involve. Nevertheless, no violation of Article 6 § 1 taken toget-
her with Article 6 § 3 (d) of the Convention can be found if it is established
that the handicaps under which the defence laboured were sufficiently
counterbalanced by the procedures followed by the judicial authorities (see,
mutatis mutandis, the abovementioned Kostovski judgment, p. 21, § 43).
72. Zachovanie anonymity svedkov Y.15 a Y.16 postavilo obhajobu pred
akosti, ktoré by trestné konanie nemalo obvykle zahàòa. Nemono vak
zisti poruenie èlánku 6 ods. 1 v spojitosti s èlánkom 6 ods. 3 písm. d) Do-
hovoru, ak sa zistí, e znevýhodnenia, s ktorými obhajoba bojovala, boli
dostatoène vyváené postupom súdnych orgánov (pozri, mutatis mutandis,
horeuvedený rozsudok vo veci Kostovski, str. 21, ods. 43).
DOORSON versus THE NETHERLAND
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
73. V tomto prípade anonymných svedkov vypoèúval v odvolacom tá-
diu v prítomnosti obhajcu vyetrujúci sudca, ktorý poznal ich totonos
(pozri odsek 25), i keï obhajoba ich totonos nepoznala. Vyetrujúci sud-
ca uviedol v úradnom zázname svojich poznatkov z 19. novembra 1990
okolnosti, na základe ktorých odvolací súd mohol vyvodi závery, pokia¾
ide o dôveryhodnos dôkazov predloených anonymnými svedkami (pozri
odseky 32 a 34). V tejto súvislosti musí by tento prípad odlíený od prípa-
du Kostovski (str. 21, ods. 43). Obhajca bol nielen prítomný, ale bol aj v po-
zícii klás svedkom akéko¾vek otázky, o ktorých sa domnieval, e sú v záuj-
me obhajoby, s výnimkou tých, ktoré by mohli vies k odhaleniu totonosti
svedkov a vetky tieto otázky boli zodpovedané (pozri odsek 25). V tejto sú-
vislosti sa tento prípad takisto líi od prípadu Kostovski (str. 20, ods. 42).
73. In the instant case the anonymous witnesses were questioned at the
appeals stage in the presence of counsel by an investigating judge who was
aware of their identity (see paragraph 25 above), even if the defence was
not. She noted, in the official record of her findings dated 19 November
1990, circumstances on the basis of which the Court of Appeal was able to
draw conclusions as to the reliability of their evidence (see paragraphs 32
and 34 above). In this respect the present case is to be distinguished from
that of Kostovski (loc. cit., p. 21, § 43). Counsel was not only present, but
he was put in a position to ask the witnesses whatever questions he consi-
dered to be in the interests of the defence except in so far as they might
lead to the disclosure of their identity, and these questions were all answe-
red (see paragraph 25 above). In this respect also the present case differs
from that of Kostovski (loc. cit., p. 20, § 42).
74. Aj keï pre saovate¾a bolo zrejme výhodnejie zúèastni sa na výslu-
chu svedkov, na druhej strane bol, pod¾a názoru Súdu, amsterdamský odvo-
lací súd oprávnený domnieva sa, e záujmy saovate¾a boli v tejto súvislos-
ti preváené potrebou zabezpeèi bezpeènos svedkov. Veobecnejie pove-
dané, Dohovor nebráni identifikácii na úèely èlánku 6 ods. 3 písm. d)
obalovaným s jeho obhajcom (pozri, mutatis mutandis, rozsudok vo veci Ka-
masinski v. Rakúsko z 19. decembra 1989, Séria A, è. 168, str. 40, ods. 91).
74. While it would clearly have been preferable for the applicant to have
attended the questioning of the witnesses, the Court considers, on balance,
that the Amsterdam Court of Appeal was entitled to consider that the inte-
rests of the applicant were in this respect outweighed by the need to ensure
the safety of the witnesses. More generally, the Convention does not
preclude identification for the purposes of Article 6 § 3 (d) of an accu-
sed with his counsel (see, mutatis mutandis, the Kamasinski v. Austria
judgment of 19 December 1989 Series A no. 168, p. 40, § 91).
75. Naviac, hoci je obvykle elate¾né, aby svedkovia identifikovali osobu
podozrivú zo spáchania závaných trestných èinov osobne, ak existuje po-
chybnos o jej totonosti, v tomto prípade by sa malo poznamena, e Y.15
a Y.16 identifikovali saovate¾a z fotografie, ktorú sám saovate¾ spoznal
ako fotografiu jeho samého (pozri odsek 12); naviac, obidvaja poskytli opis
jeho zjavu a obleèenia (pozri odsek 25).
75. In addition, although it is normally desirable that witnesses should
identify a person suspected of serious crimes in person if there is any
doubt about his identity, it should be noted in the present case that Y.15
and Y.16 identified the applicant from a photograph which he himself had
acknowledged to be of himself (see paragraph 12 above); moreover, both
gave descriptions of his appearance and dress (see paragraph 25 above).
Z horeuvedených úvah vyplýva, e za daných okolností vyvaujúci
postup prijatý súdnymi orgánmi pri získavaní dôkazov od svedkov Y.15 a
Y.16 treba povaova za dostaèujúci na to, aby umonil obhajobe namieta
dôkazy anonymných svedkov a pokúsi sa spochybni dôveryhodnos ich
výpovedí, èo obhajoba urobila na verejnom súde, medzi iným, poukazova-
ním na skutoènos, e obidvaja svedkovia boli narkomani (pozri odsek 33).
It follows from the above considerations that in the circumstances the
counterbalancing procedure followed by the judicial authorities in obtai-
ning the evidence of witnesses Y.15 and Y.16 must be considered sufficient
to have enabled the defence to challenge the evidence of the anonymous
witnesses and attempt to cast doubt on the reliability of their statements,
which it did in open court by, amongst other things, drawing attention to
the fact that both were drug addicts (see paragraph 33 above).
76. Nakoniec treba pripomenú, e i keï vyvaujúce postupy dosta-
toène kompenzujú nevýhody, proti ktorým musí obhajoba bojova, odsú-
denie by nemalo by zaloené èi u výluène, alebo v rozhodujúcej miere na
anonymných výpovediach. Toto vak neplatí v tomto prípade: je dostatoè-
ne jasné, e vnútrotátny súd svoje rozhodnutie o vine nezaloil výluène
alebo v rozhodujúcej miere na dôkaze poskytnutom Y.15 a Y.16 (pozri od-
sek 34).
76. Finally, it should be recalled that even when counterbalancing
procedures are found to compensate sufficiently the handicaps under
which the defence labours, a conviction should not be based either solely
or to a decisive extent on anonymous statements. That, however, is not the
case here: it is sufficiently clear that the national court did not base its
finding of guilt solely or to a decisive extent on the evidence of Y.15 and
Y.16 (see paragraph 34 above).
Naviac s dôkazmi získanými od svedkov za podmienok, v ktorých ne-
môu by zabezpeèené práva obhajoby v miere bene poadovanej Dohovo-
rom, by sa malo zaobchádza s výnimoènou opatrnosou. Súd je presvedèe-
Furthermore, evidence obtained from witnesses under conditions in
which the rights of the defence cannot be secured to the extent normally
required by the Convention should be treated with extreme care. The
DOORSON versus THE NETHERLAND
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
Court is satisfied that this was done in the criminal proceedings leading to
the applicants conviction, as is reflected in the express declaration by the
Court of Appeal that it had treated the statements of Y.15 and Y.16 with
the necessary caution and circumspection (see paragraph 34 above).
ný, e takto tomu bolo v trestnom konaní vedúcom k odsúdeniu saovate-
¾a, èo sa odráa na výslovnom vyhlásení odvolacieho súdu, e sa zaoberal
s výpoveïami Y.15 a Y.16 s nevyhnutnou opatrnosou a rozvánosou
(pozri odsek 34).
3. The witness N.
3. Svedok N.
77. The witness N. made a statement to the police inculpating the
applicant but retracted it when questioned on oath in open court in the
presence of the applicant, both before the Regional Court and the Court of
Appeal. The Court of Appeal nonetheless decided to attach some credence
to N.s statement to the police.
77. Svedok N. urobil na polícii výpoveï obviòujúcu saovate¾a, ale túto
odvolal, keï ho vypoèúvali pod prísahou na verejnom súde v prítomnosti
saovate¾a, a to aj pred regionálnym súdom, aj pred odvolacím súdom.
Odvolací súd vak rozhodol pripísa výpovedi N. na polícii urèitú mieru
dôveryhodnosti.
78. As stated in paragraph 67 above, the Courts task under the
Convention is not to give a ruling as to whether statements of witnesses
were properly admitted as evidence; this is for the domestic courts, the task
of the European Court being to ascertain whether the proceedings as a
whole, including the way in which evidence was taken, were fair. The Court
cannot hold in the abstract that evidence given by a witness in open court
and on oath should always be relied on in preference to other statements
made by the same witness in the course of criminal proceedings, not even
when the two are in conflict.
78. Ako je uvedené v odseku 67, úlohou Súdu pod¾a Dohovoru nie je
rozhodnú, èi výpovede svedkov boli riadne pripustené ako dôkazy; toto je
úlohou vnútrotátnych súdov, prièom úlohou Európskeho súdu je zisti, èi
konanie ako celok vrátane spôsobu, ktorým sa dôkazy získali, bolo spra-
vodlivé. Súd nemôe abstraktne rozhodnú, e na dôkaz poskytnutý sved-
kom na verejnom súde a pod prísahou by sa malo vdy spolieha prednost-
ne pred inými výpoveïami toho istého svedka poèas trestného konania, a
to dokonca ani vtedy, keby tieto výpovede boli v rozpore.
The Court, therefore, does not find that the decision taken by the
Court of Appeal with regard to the evidence given by N., whether conside-
red on its own or together with the other matters complained of, rendered
the applicants trial unfair.
Súd preto nezisuje, èi rozhodnutie prijaté odvolacím súdom a týkajúce
sa dôkazu poskytnutému N., èi u posudzované samostatne, alebo spoloè-
ne s ïalími namietanými záleitosami, urobilo saovate¾ov súdny proces
nespravodlivým.
4. The witness R.
4. Svedok R.
79. Repeated but unsuccessful attempts were made to bring the named
witness R. before the Regional Court, following which the applicant
withdrew his request to have him heard (see paragraph 19 above). In the
appeal proceedings R. was brought before the court by force, but abscon-
ded before he could be questioned (see paragraph 31 above). A subsequent
attempt to have him brought before the Court of Appeal was likewise
unsuccessful, after which no further attempt was made (see paragraph 33
above).
79. Dolo k opakovaným, ale neúspeným pokusom predvola na regio-
nálny súd menovaného svedka R., po ktorých saovate¾ stiahol svoju po-
iadavku da svedka R. vypoèu (pozri odsek 19). V odvolacom konaní bol
R. predvedený na súd, stratil sa vak predtým, ako mohol by vypoèutý (po-
zri odsek 31). Ïalí pokus predvies ho na odvolací súd bol rovnako neús-
pený, po èom u k ïaliemu pokusu nedolo (pozri odsek 33).
80. Napriek snahám odvolacieho súdu bolo nemoné zabezpeèi úèas
R. na pojednávaní. Za daných okolností bolo na odvolacom súde, aby vzal
do úvahy výpoveï získanú políciou, najmä ak odvolací súd mohol povao-
va túto výpoveï za potvrdenú ïalími dôkazmi predloenými na súde
(pozri rozsudok vo veci Artner v. Rakúsko z 28. augusta 1992, Séria A, è.
242A, str. 10, ods. 22).
80. Despite the Court of Appeals efforts it was impossible to secure R.s
attendance at the hearing. In the circumstances it was open to the Court of
Appeal to have regard to the statement obtained by the police, especially
since it could consider that statement to be corroborated by other evidence
before it (see the Artner v. Austria judgment of 28 August 1992, Series A
no. 242A, p. 10, § 22).
Accordingly, no unfairness can be found in this respect either.
Z toho vyplýva, e ani v tejto súvislosti nemono zisti iadnu nespra-
vodlivos.
DOORSON versus THE NETHERLAND
DOORSON proti HOLANDSKU
5. Znalec K. obhajoby a svedok I. obaloby
5. The defence expert K. and the prosecution witness I.
81. Odvolací súd odmietol vypoèu znalca K., hoci súhlasil vypoèu poli-
cajného úradníka I. Obidvaja boli predvolaní na súdne pojednávanie, K.
obhajobou a I. obalobou (pozri odseky 31 a 33).
81. The Court of Appeal refused to hear the expert K. while agreeing to
hear the police officer I. Both had been brought to the hearing, K. by the
defence and I. by the prosecution (see paragraphs 31 and 33 above ).
Odvolací súd odmietol vypoèu K. z dôvodu, e ako znalec, a nie ako
svedok nebude schopný prispie k objasneniu skutoèností prípadu. Pod¾a
obhajoby K. bol spôsobilý svedèi veobecne o tom, e výpovede narkoma-
nov na polícii boli èasto nedôveryhodné.
The Court of Appeal refused to hear K. for the reason that as an expert
rather than a witness he would not be able to contribute to the elucidation
of the facts of the case. According to the defence, K. would have been able
to testify generally to the effect that statements made to the police by drug
addicts were often unreliable.
Dôkaz poskytnutý policajným úradníkom I. sa na druhej strane týkal
spôsobu, ktorým polícia získavala výpovede od narkomanov a zabezpeèova-
la, e tieto výpovede boli nato¾ko dôveryhodné, ako to len bolo moné.
The evidence of the police officer I., on the other hand, concerned the
way in which the police went about obtaining statements from drug
addicts and ensuring that these were as reliable as possible.
82. Ako u bolo skôr zdôraznené (v odsekoch 67 a 78), rozhodnutia, èi
pripusti dôkaz a akú dôveryhodnos priloi na pripustený dôkaz, sú pre-
dovetkým zodpovednosou vnútrotátnych súdov. Odvolací súd mohol
zvái, èi dôkaz ponúkaný K. by neprispel k hodnoteniu, ktoré mal súd
urobi, najmä ak u podobnú výpoveï poskytol znalec L. Odvolací súd mo-
hol z dôkazu poskytnutého I. vyvodi závery, ktoré vyvodil.
82. As was pointed out earlier (at paragraphs 67 and 78 above), deci-
sions whether to allow evidence and what reliance to place on admitted
evidence are primarily the responsibility of the domestic courts. The Court
of Appeal could consider that the evidence offered by K. would not have
contributed to the assessment which it was required to make, especially
since in any case a similar statement had already been made by the expert
L., and it was open to the Court of Appeal to draw from I.s evidence the
inferences which it did.
Súd preto nezisuje, e rozhodnutie odvolacieho súdu vypoèu I., nie
vak K., by nepriaznivo naruilo spravodlivos trestného konania vedeného
proti saovate¾ovi.
The Court therefore does not find that the fairness of the criminal
proceedings against the applicant was adversely affected by the Court of
Appeal s decision to hear I. but not K.
B. Záver
C. Conclusion
83. iadny z údajných nedostatkov posudzovaných samostatne nevie-
dol Súd k záveru, e saovate¾ nemal spravodlivý súdny proces. Naviac,
Súd nemohol dôjs k záveru, aj keï sú údajné nedostatky posudzované
spoloène, e konanie ako celok bolo nespravodlivé.
83. None of the alleged shortcomings considered on their own lead the
Court to conclude that the applicant did not receive a fair trial. Moreover,
it cannot find, even if the alleged shortcomings are considered together,
that the proceedings as a whole were unfair.
Dosahujúc takýto záver, Súd bral do úvahy skutoènos, e vnútrotátne
súdy boli oprávnené posudzova rozlièné druhy predloených dôkazov ako
navzájom sa potvrdzujúce.
In arriving at this conclusion the Court has taken into account the fact
that the domestic courts were entitled to consider the various items of
evidence before them as corroborative of each other.
Z toho vyplýva, e nedolo k porueniu èlánku 6 ods. 1 v spojitosti
s èlánkom 6 ods. 3 písm. d) Dohovoru.
Accordingly, there has been no violation of Article 6 § 1 taken together
with Article 6 § 3 (d) of the Convention.
Z TÝCHTO DÔVODOV SÚD
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT
Rozhodol siedmimi hlasmi proti dvom, e nedolo k porueniu èlánku 6
ods. 1 v spojitosti s èlánkom 6 ods. 3 písm. d) Dohovoru.
Holds, by seven votes to two, that there has been no violation of Article 6
§ 1 taken together with Article 6 § 3 (d) of the Convention.
...
...
© Rada Europy / Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka, źródło: HUDOC (hudoc.echr.coe.int), pozyskano 14.07.2026. · Źródło