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SECOND SECTION CASE OF MIKHAYLOV AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA (Applications nos. 27315/19 and 50 others – see appended list)             JUDGMENT   STRASBOURG 1 February 2024   This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Mikhaylov and Others v. Russia, The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:  Lorraine Schembri Orland, President,  Frédéric Krenc,  Davor Derenčinović, judges, and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 11 January 2024, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.  The case originated in applications against Russia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) on the various dates indicated in the appended table. 2.  The Russian Government (“the Government”) were given notice of the applications. THE FACTS 3.  The list of applicants and the relevant details of the applications are set out in the appended table. 4.  The applicants complained about their confinement in a metal cage in the courtroom during the criminal proceedings against them. Some applicants also raised other complaints under the provisions of the Convention. THE LAW JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS 5.  Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment. Jurisdiction 6.  The Court observes that the facts giving rise to the alleged violations of the Convention occurred prior to 16 September 2022, the date on which the Russian Federation ceased to be a party to the Convention. The Court therefore decides that it has jurisdiction to examine the present applications (see Fedotova and Others v. Russia [GC], nos. 40792/10 and 2 others, §§ 68‑73, 17 January 2023). ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLEs 3 and 13 OF THE CONVENTION on account of confinement in a metal cage in the courtroom 7.  The applicants complained principally about their confinement in a metal cage in the courtroom during the criminal proceedings against them. They relied on Article 3 of the Convention, which reads as follows: “No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” Some applicants also complained that they had not had an effective domestic remedy in respect of their grievance under Article 3, contrary to Article 13 of the Convention, which reads as follows: “Everyone whose rights and freedoms as set forth in [the] Convention are violated shall have an effective remedy before a national authority notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity.” 8.  The Court notes that the applicants were kept a metal cage in the courtroom in the context of their trial. In the leading cases of Svinarenko and Slyadnev v. Russia [GC], nos. 32541/08 and 43441/08, ECHR 2014 (extracts), and Vorontsov and Others v. Russia, nos. 59655/14 and 2 others, 31 January 2017, the Court already dealt with the issue of the use of metal cages in courtrooms and found that such a practice constituted in itself an affront to human dignity and amounted to degrading treatment prohibited by Article 3 of the Convention. 9.  Having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion on the admissibility and merits of these complaints. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant case the applicants’ confinement in a metal cage before the court during the criminal proceedings against them amounted to degrading treatment. 10.  These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article 3 of the Convention. 11.  In view of the above findings under Article 3 of the Convention, the Court considers that there is no need to deal separately with the applicants’ complaints under Article 13 of the Convention (for similar approach see Valyuzhenich v. Russia, no. 10597/13, § 27, 26 March 2019). OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS UNDER WELL-ESTABLISHED CASE-LAW 122.  Some applicants submitted other complaints which also raised issues under the Convention, given the relevant well-established case-law of the Court (see the appended table). These complaints are not manifestly ill‑founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention, nor are they inadmissible on any other ground. Accordingly, they must be declared admissible. Having examined all the material before it, the Court concludes that they also disclose violations of the Convention in the light of its well-established case-law (see Sergey Babushkin v. Russia, no. 5993/08, 28 November 2013, concerning inadequate conditions of post-conviction detention; Idalov v. Russia [GC], no. 5826/03, §§ 103-08, 22 May 2012, and Tomov and Others v. Russia, nos. 18255/10 and 5 others, §§ 92-156, 9 April 2019, concerning inadequate conditions of transport and the lack of an effective remedy in that respect). APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION 13.  Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case‑law (see, in particular, Vorontsov and Others, cited above), the Court considers it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table. FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY, Decides to join the applications; Holds that it has jurisdiction to deal with these applications as they relate to facts that took place before 16 September 2022; Declares the applications admissible; Holds that these applications disclose a breach of Article 3 of the Convention on account of the applicants’ placement in a metal cage before the court during the criminal proceedings against them; Holds that there has been a violation of the Convention as regards the other complaints raised under the well-established case-law of the Court (see the appended table); Holds that it is not necessary to deal separately with the applicants’ complaints under Article 13 of the Convention related to the lack of an effective domestic remedy to complain about placement in a metal cage in courtrooms; Holds (a)  that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement; (b)  that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points. Done in English, and notified in writing on 1 February 2024, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.    Viktoriya Maradudina Lorraine Schembri Orland  Acting Deputy Registrar President     APPENDIX List of applications raising complaints under Article 3 of the Convention (use of metal cages and/or other security arrangements in courtrooms) No. Application no. Date of introduction Applicant’s name Year of birth   Representative’s name and location Name of the court Date of the relevant judgment Start date End date Other complaints under well-established case-law Amount awarded for pecuniary and non‑pecuniary damage and costs and expenses per applicant (in euros)[1]     27315/19 20/06/2019 Vladimir Aleksandrovich MIKHAYLOV     Ingodinskiy District Court of Chita 08/02/2019 07/10/2018 08/02/2019 Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention during transport - single-prisoner cubicles in police vans between 07/10/2018 and 08/02/2019, 0.6 sq. m per person, no or restricted access to toilet, no or restricted access to potable water, lack of fresh air, lack of or insufficient electric light, passive smoking 8,500     28465/19 06/11/2019 Nikita Vitalyevich TURKIN     Abakan Town Court of the Khakassia Republic 12/07/2019 04/06/2019 12/07/2019 Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention during transport - transit cell, from 04/06/2019 to 12/07/2019, overcrowding, no or restricted access to toilet;   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 8,500     29171/19 18/05/2019 Eldar Igorevich PENKO Petrov Roman Nikolayevich Cheboksary Odintsovo Town Court 28/11/2018   Moscow Regional Court 22/01/2019 18/12/2017     22/01/2019 28/11/2018     22/01/2019   7,500     29442/19 16/05/2019 Roman Yevgenyevich DORMIDONTOV Petrov Roman Nikolayevich Cheboksary Kanavinskiy District Court of Nizhniy Novgorod 25/03/2019 06/03/2019 25/03/2019 Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport;    Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention during transport - van, transit cell, on a number of occasions from 10/08/2018 to 25/03/2019, inadequate temperature, no or restricted access to potable water, lack of or insufficient natural light, uncomfortable position during transfers in view of a small size of transport "glass"/ bio-toilet, no or restricted access to toilet 8,500     29578/19 24/08/2019 Andrey Aleksandrovich MARTUS     Sverdlovskiy District Court of Krasnoyarsk, Tsentralnyy District Court of Krasnoyarsk 04/04/2019 12/12/2018 04/04/2019 Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport;   Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention during transport - van, multiple roundtrips from SIZO-1 Krasnoyarsk to the Sovetskiy District Court of Krasnoyarsk, between11/12/2018 and 29/10/2019, overcrowding, no or restricted access to toilet, lack of fresh air, passive smoking, no or restricted access to potable water, inadequate temperature, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of or insufficient electric light 8,500     30234/19 13/05/2019 Vitaliy Gennadyevich USKOV     Volgograd Regional Court 17/04/2019 17/04/2019 17/04/2019   7,500     30333/19 23/05/2019 Sergey Aleksandrovich KUPAVTSEV     Oktyabrskiy District Court of Barnaul Rubtsovsk Town Court 11/01/2019 26/10/2017 11/01/2019 Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport;   Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention during transport - transport by van from the detention facility to take part in investigative actions or to attend court hearings; numerous occasions of transport, overcrowding, inadequate temperature; from 26/10/2017 to 11/01/2019 8,500     31290/19 27/05/2019 Roman Petrovich PAVLENKO     Vizinga District Court   19/02/2019 22/02/2019 Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention during transport - numerous occasions of transport from SIZO-1 Syktyvkar to Vizinga District Court, van; from 15/06/2018 to 22/02/2019; single-occupancy cubicle, lack of fresh air, inadequate temperature, no or restricted access to potable water, no or restricted access to toilet 8,500     32738/19 04/06/2019 Aleksandr Aleksandrovich SRIBNYY Koneva Nina Filippovna Khanty-Mansiysk Nizhnevartovsk Town Court of Khanty-Mansy Autonomous Region - Yugra 21/03/2019 29/07/2018 21/03/2019   7,500   32743/19 03/06/2019 German Romayevich SHOKUYEV Egle Denis Sergeyevich Krasnoyarsk Zheleznodorozhnyy District Court of Chita; Zabaykalskiy Regional Court   22/07/2015 31/01/2019 Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport;   Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention during transport - transport by van on a number of occasions between the detention facility and the courthouse from 22/07/2015 to 31/01/2019; 0.25 sq. m of personal space; restricted access to toilet 8,500   32848/19 31/05/2019 Ivan Vladimirovich MAKARENKO     Surgut Town Court 31/01/2019 24/10/2018 31/01/2019   7,500   33397/19 08/06/2019 Sergey Nikolayevich KOZIN     Kolomna Town Court of the Moscow Region 11/12/2018 07/08/2017 11/12/2018   7,500   33786/19 06/06/2019 Sergey Andreyevich KANEV     Ezhvinskiy District Court of Syktyvkar of the Komi Republic 10/12/2018 19/07/2018 10/12/2018   7,500   34252/19 17/06/2019 Mikhail Yevgenyevich NIKONOV Petrov Roman Nikolayevich Cheboksary Moskovskiy District Court of Nizhniy Novgorod, Nizhniy Novgorod Regional Court 20/03/2019 16/10/2018 20/03/2019   7,500   36560/19 08/07/2019 Yevgeniy Anatolyevich VERESOV     Petrozavodsk Town Court   Segezha Town Court of the Karelia Republic   17/06/2019     26/06/2019 17/06/2019     02/07/2019 Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport;   Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention during transport - train, on a number of occasions between 13/05/2019 and 12/06/2019; overcrowding; passive smoking, insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of fresh air, lack of or insufficient natural light, no or restricted access to toilet 8,500   36617/19 27/06/2019 Sergey Vladimirovich KONOVALOV Shirokov Oleg Valeryevich Nizhniy Tagil Novouralsk Town Court of Sverdlovsk Region, Sverdlovsk Regional Court 22/03/2019 18/12/2018 22/03/2019   7,500   38517/19 08/07/2019 Andrey Andreyevich TYUKAVKIN     Priargunsk District Court of the Zabaykalskiy Region 14/02/2019 11/10/2018 14/02/2019   7,500   39298/19 08/07/2019 Alina Sergeyevna KONDRASHOVA     Ezhvinskiy District Court of Syktyvkar 29/05/2019 09/02/2018 29/05/2019   7,500   39530/19 20/11/2019 Pavel Andreyevich BAKSHEYEV     Oktyabrskiy District Court of Krasnoyarsk 29/08/2019 27/12/2018 29/08/2019   7,500   40349/19 14/07/2019 Nikita Valeryevich YARMOLENKO Sergeyeva Yelizaveta Alekseyevna Tyumen Surgut Town Court 22/04/2019 14/09/2018 22/04/2019   7,500   40350/19 14/07/2019 Ilya Stanislavovich KALINOV Sergeyeva Yelizaveta Alekseyevna Tyumen Surgut Town Court 22/04/2019 14/09/2018 22/04/2019   7,500   40871/19 18/07/2019 Ramis Zinatullovich ALLAGULOV Sergeyeva Yelizaveta Alekseyevna Tyumen Tobolsk District Court of the Tyumen Region 25/03/2019 30/10/2018 25/03/2019   7,500   41491/19 09/07/2019 Aris Nugzariyevich BARATOV     Tsentralnyy District Court of Tyumen 26/02/2019   30/11/2018 26/02/2019   7,500   41833/19 22/07/2019 Vladislav Vitalyevich SUGAKO Petrov Roman Nikolayevich Cheboksary Tsentralnyy District Court of Samara 19/03/2019 05/12/2018 19/03/2019   7,500   43787/19 11/10/2019 Yevgeniy Borisovich YEROFEYEV     Pokhvistnevskiy District Court 19/07/2019 19/07/2019 19/07/2019   7,500   44230/19 15/01/2020 Aleksey Igorevich BUSHKOVSKIY Belinskaya Marina Aleksandrovna St Petersburg Gatchina Town Cout of the Leningrad Region; Leningrad Regional Court; St Petersburg City Court 10/11/2016 03/10/2019   7,500   44644/19 26/07/2019 Oleg Vladimirovich MAYEV Petrov Roman Nikolayevich Cheboksary Prikubanskiy District Court of Krasnodar 31/01/2019 21/09/2017 31/01/2019   7,500   45179/19 06/08/2019 Aleksandr Sergeyevich ZHARIKOV     Vorkuta Town Court 18/07/2019 07/12/2018 18/07/2019 Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport;   Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention during transport - train, from 29/05/2019 to 13/07/2019, 0.4 sq. m of personal space, lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of or insufficient natural light, insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, not provided with warm meals, passive smoking, no ventilation, inadequate temperature, no or restricted access to toilet 8,500   45388/19 13/08/2019 Svetlana Yevgenyevna MORAVSKAYA Sapov Yevgeniy Yuryevich Samara Oktyabrskiy District Court of Samara   15/11/2018 17/08/2019   7,500   45896/19 15/08/2019 Aleksandr Gennadyevich MAKARUSHKIN Shirokov Oleg Valeryevich Nizhniy Tagil Verkhnesaldinskiy District Court of Verkhnyaya Salda; Sverdlovsk Regional Court 19/02/2019 23/08/2018 19/02/2019   7,500   46542/19 20/08/2019 Vladimir Vladimirovich KATKOV Shirokov Oleg Valeryevich Nizhniy Tagil Serovskiy District Court of the Sverdlovsk Region; Sverdlovsk Regional Court 18/06/2019 22/11/2018 18/06/2019   7,500   47372/19 20/08/2019 Vitaliy Vladimirovich KATKOV Shirokov Oleg Valeryevich Nizhniy Tagil Serovskiy District Court of the Sverdlovsk Region; Sverdlovsk Regional Court (by way of videoconference) 18/06/2019 12/10/2018 18/06/2019   7,500   47573/19 07/08/2019 Viktor Nikolayevich RADOV     Ezhvinskiy District Court of Syktyvkar 29/04/2019 29/04/2019 29/04/2019 Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention during transport - train, from 07/05/2019 to 08/05/2019, overcrowding, insufficient number of sleeping places,   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 8,500   47997/19 22/10/2019 Vitaliy Vladimirovich SERBAYEV     Tsentralnyy District Court of Krasnoyarsk, Leninskiy District Court of Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk Regional Court   09/10/2017 23/04/2019   7,500   48197/19 29/08/2019 Roman Sergeyevich RUSSKIKH     Lesosibirsk Town Court of the Krasnoyarsk Region 26/03/2019     11/10/2018 26/03/2019   7,500   48600/19 26/08/2019 Dmitriy Aleksandrovich LOGUNOV     Ezhvinskiy District Court of Syktyvkar, Komi Republic 05/06/2019 05/06/2019 05/06/2019 Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport;   Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention during transport – single-occupancy compartment in a van from 05/06/2019 to 16/09/2019; lack of space; 0.35 sq. m of personal space 8,500   48909/19 04/08/2019 Vladimir Vladimirovich GORAK Sergeyeva Yelizaveta Alekseyevna Tyumen Surgut Town Court 04/03/2019 28/12/2018 04/03/2019   7,500   48952/19 30/09/2019 Artem Yuryevich ALEKSANDROV     Oktyabrskiy District Court of Krasnoyarsk   07/03/2019 29/07/2019   7,500   49638/19 09/09/2019 Yelena Nikolayevna VOLKOVA     Perm Regional Court (by means of video link from settlement colony no. 26 Perm Region) 17/09/2019 21/03/2019 17/09/2019   7,500   50042/19 12/09/2019 Sergey Aleksandrovich PURGIN     Berezovskiy District Court of the Krasnoyarsk Region 12/07/2019 27/04/2018 12/07/2019   7,500   52530/19 28/01/2020 Ruslan Nikolayevich SHATKO     Zheleznodorozhnyy District Court of Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk Regional Court (by way of video conference from a metal cage in the detention facility) 12/11/2019 08/01/2019 12/11/2019   7,500   52822/19 19/09/2019 Sergey Aleksandrovich PISHCHUK     Novosibirsk District Court of the Novosibirsk Region, Novosibirsk Regional Court, Tsentralnyy District Court of Novosibirsk 21/08/2019 26/05/2017 21/08/2019 Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport;   Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention during transport - inhuman conditions in vans in single‑occupancy compartments of 0.3 sq. m and in convoy cells between 26/05/2017 -16/09/2019, lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of fresh air, inadequate temperature, no ventilation, lack or inadequate furniture, passive smoking 8,500   54228/19 02/10/2019 Artem Viktorovich SALTANOV Matytsin Igor Viktorovich Krasnoyarsk Sverdlovskiy District Court of Krasnoyarsk 26/04/2019 25/02/2019 26/04/2019   7,500   55222/19 02/10/2019 Yuriy Aleksandrovich ANDREYEV     Oktyabrskiy District Court of Krasnoyarsk 13/06/2019 23/01/2019 13/06/2019   7,500   55503/19 07/10/2019 Dmitriy Yuryevich ZEMLYANUKHIN     Justice of the Peace, Gornyatskiy District, Vorkuta 20/05/2019 17/04/2019 20/05/2019 Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention during transport - train, from 29/07/2019 to 31/07/2019, lack of fresh air, insufficient number of sleeping places, no or restricted access to potable water, overcrowding, poor quality of potable water, no or restricted access to toilet, lack of ventilation;   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport;   Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention after conviction - in IK-19 Komi Republic, 31/07/2019, pending as of 16/09/2022; 2 sq. m. of personal space; lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, lack of fresh air, inadequate temperature, constant electric light, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, poor quality of food, poor quality of potable water, overcrowding, no or restricted access to warm water, no or restricted access to shower   15,100   55530/19 12/10/2019 Igor Vladimirovich MAZHARA Sergeyeva Yelizaveta Alekseyevna Tyumen Surgut Town Court 15/04/2019 29/08/2018 15/04/2019   7,500   55743/19 08/10/2019 Pavel Alekseyevich YEREMEYEV Petrov Roman Nikolayevich Cheboksary Moscovskiy District Court of Cheboksary; Video link from SIZO-1, Chuvashia Republic 21/05/2019   Supreme Court of the Chuvashia Republic; Video link from SIZO-1, Chuvashia Republic 30/07/2019 01/04/2019           30/07/2019 21/05/2019           30/07/2019   7,500   55904/19 12/10/2019 Aleksey Igorevich NASTALSKIY     Megion Town Court of the Khanty-Many Autonomous Region - Yugra 01/07/2019 06/07/2018 01/07/2019   7,500   56851/19 21/10/2019 Ilya Dmitriyevich SOLOVAROV Shirokov Oleg Valeryevich Nizhniy Tagil Serovskiy District Court of the Sverdlovsk Region, Sverdlovsk Regional Court 21/05/2019 04/05/2018 21/05/2019   7,500   58396/19 06/02/2020 Vyacheslav Vyacheslavovich KUZNETSOV Isayev Ayndi Khamzatovich Krasnoyarsk Krasnoyarsk Regional Court, Sovetskiy District Court of Krasnoyarsk 07/10/2019 06/08/2019 07/10/2019 Art. 3 - inadequate conditions of detention during transport - van and detention in a convoy cell at the Krasnoyarsk Regional Court between 06/08/2019 and 17/12/2019 with 0.2 sq. m per inmate, inadequate temperature, overcrowding, no ventilation, mouldy or dirty cell, passive smoking, lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of privacy for toilet, lack or insufficient quantity of food   8,500   58699/19 02/12/2019 Anton Valeryevich VNUKOV     Tsentralnyy District Court of Krasnoyarsk; Zheleznodorozhnyy District Court of Krasnoyarsk 21/09/2018 06/09/2019   7,500     [1] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants.