30989/24;32490/24;32492/24;33078/24;33553/24;919/25;1038/25

FIFTH SECTION CASE OF LEMESHKO AND OTHERS v. UKRAINE (Applications nos. 30989/24 and 6 others – see appended list)             JUDGMENT   STRASBOURG 27 November 2025     This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Lemeshko and Others v. Ukraine, The European Court of Human Rights (Fifth Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:  Andreas Zünd, President,  Diana Sârcu,  Mykola Gnatovskyy, judges, and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 6 November 2025, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.  The case originated in applications against Ukraine lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) on the various dates indicated in the appended table. 2.  The applicants were represented by Mr A. Yolkin, a lawyer practising in Kryvyy Rig, Ukraine. 3.  The Ukrainian Government (“the Government”) were given notice of the applications. THE FACTS 4.  The list of applicants and the relevant details of the applications are set out in the appended table. 5.  The applicants complained of the inadequate conditions of their detention and of the lack of any effective remedy in domestic law. Some applicants also raised other complaints under the provisions of the Convention. THE LAW JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS 6.  Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLES 3 AND 13 OF THE CONVENTION 7.  The applicants complained principally of the inadequate conditions of their detention and that they had no effective remedy in this connection. 8.  The Government submitted that the applicants had failed to exhaust domestic remedies, as they had not sought compensation before the civil courts for damage allegedly sustained as a result of inadequate conditions of detention. However, the Court has found that a compensatory remedy is effective only once the unsatisfactory conditions of detention have ended (see Sukachov v. Ukraine, no. 14057/17, § 113, 30 January 2020). In the present case, the Government did not indicate that the applicants had been transferred, released, or that the conditions of their detention had improved before they lodged their applications with the Court. The objection must therefore be rejected. 9.  The Court further notes that the applicants were kept in detention in poor conditions. The details of the applicants’ detention are indicated in the appended table. The Court refers to the principles established in its case‑law regarding inadequate conditions of detention (see, for instance, Muršić v. Croatia [GC], no. 7334/13, §§ 96‑101, ECHR 2016). It reiterates in particular that a serious lack of space in a prison cell weighs heavily as a factor to be taken into account for the purpose of establishing whether the detention conditions described are “degrading” from the point of view of Article 3 and may disclose a violation, both alone or taken together with other shortcomings (see Muršić, cited above, §§ 122-41, and Ananyev and Others v. Russia, nos. 42525/07 and 60800/08, §§ 149‑59, 10 January 2012). 10.  In the leading cases of Melnik v. Ukraine (no. 72286/01, 28 March 2006) and Sukachov, cited above), the Court already found a violation in respect of issues similar to those in the present case. 11.  The Court also refers to its standard of proof and methods for assessment of evidence in conditions-of-detention cases (see Muršić, cited above, §§ 127-28). In particular, in reply to a prima facie case of ill-treatment, complained of by the applicants, the Government is expected to provide primary evidence showing cell floor plans and the actual number of inmates during the specific periods of the applicants’ detention (see Ananyev and Others, cited above, § 123, and, for example, Sparysh and Kutsmand v. Ukraine [Committee], nos. 49709/18 and 49870/18, 12 September 2024). Other documents and photographs, related to air, food, water quality control, pest control, temperature and luminosity measurements, bathing facilities, privacy of toilet, laundry services, etc., should pertain to cells and periods of the applicants’ detention. 12.  Having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion on the admissibility and merits of these complaints. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant case the applicants’ conditions of detention during the period indicated in the appended table were inadequate. 13.  The Court further notes that the applicants did not have at their disposal an effective remedy in respect of these complaints. 14.  These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Articles 3 and 13 of the Convention. OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS UNDER WELL-ESTABLISHED CASE-LAW 15.  Some applicants submitted other complaints which also raised issues under the Convention, given the relevant well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table). These complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention, nor are they inadmissible on any other ground. Accordingly, they must be declared admissible. Having examined all the material before it, the Court concludes that they also disclose violations of the Convention in the light of its findings in the cases set out in the appended table. REMAINING COMPLAINTS 16.  In application no. 1038/25, the applicant complained under Articles 3 and 13 of the Convention about inadequate conditions of detention in the Kyiv Pre-Trial Detention Facility since 25 July 2020 and that he had no effective remedy in this connection. He provided a copy of a certificate issued by the administration of that Facility in support of his statement. 17.  The Government, in their observations, confirmed that the applicant had arrived at the Kyiv Pre-Trial Detention Facility on 25 July 2020. They further noted that he had been temporarily transferred to Berdychiv Detention Facility No. 70 for the period between 28 March to 24 August 2023, after which he had returned to Kyiv Pre-Trial Detention Facility. The applicant did not comment on this matter and did not submit any complaint regarding conditions of his detention in the Berdychiv Detention Facility. Therefore, his complaints about the conditions of detention in the Kyiv Pre-Trial Detention Facility prior to 24 August 2023, the date of his last return to this facility, are submitted belatedly, as the continuous situation of his detention was interrupted by his transfer to the Berdychiv Detention Facility, and must therefore be rejected in accordance with Article 35 §§ 1 and 4 of the Convention. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION 18.  Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case‑law (see, in particular, Sukachov, cited above, §§ 165 and 167), the Court considers it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table. FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY, Decides to join the applications; Declares the complaints concerning the inadequate conditions of detention during the periods indicated in the appended table, the lack of any effective remedy in domestic law to complain about poor conditions of detention and the other complaints under the well-established case-law of the Court, as set out in the appended table, admissible, and the remainder of application no. 1038/25 inadmissible; Holds that these applications disclose a breach of Articles 3 and 13 of the Convention concerning the inadequate conditions of detention during the periods indicated in the appended table and the lack of any effective remedy in domestic law to complain about poor conditions of detention; Holds that there has been a violation of the Convention as regards the other complaints raised under the well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table); Holds (a)  that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement; (b)  that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points. Done in English, and notified in writing on 27 November 2025, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.    Viktoriya Maradudina Andreas Zünd  Acting Deputy Registrar President     APPENDIX List of applications raising complaints under Articles 3 and 13 of the Convention (inadequate conditions of detention and lack of any effective remedy in domestic law) No. Application no. Date of introduction Applicant’s name Year of birth   Facility Start and end date Duration Sq. m per inmate Specific grievances Other complaints under well-established case-law Amount awarded for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage per applicant (in euros)[1]     30989/24 10/10/2024 Tetyana Oleksandrivna LEMESHKO   Kyiv Pre-Trial Detention Facility 18/07/2023 to 05/12/2024 1 year(s) and 4 month(s) and 18 day(s) 2.6-6.4 m² overcrowding, lack of fresh air, inadequate temperature, lack of or insufficient electric light, no or restricted access to running water, no or restricted access to warm water, no or restricted access to shower, lack of toiletries, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, lack of privacy for toilet Art. 6 (1) - excessive length of criminal proceedings - from 05/08/2017 to 23/01/2025, 2 levels of jurisdiction (see Nechay v. Ukraine, no. 15360/10, §§ 67-79, 1 July 2021),   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of excessive length of criminal proceedings - see Nechay v. Ukraine, no. 15360/10, §§ 67-79, 1 July 2021 5,000     32490/24 24/10/2024 Mykhaylo Anatoliyovych DMYTRENKO   Kyiv Pre-Trial Detention Facility 05/06/2023 to 10/03/2025 1 year(s) and 9 month(s) and 6 day(s) 2.5-2.7 m² overcrowding, mouldy or dirty cell, lack of fresh air, passive smoking, inadequate temperature, lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of or insufficient natural light, no or restricted access to warm water, no or restricted access to shower, lack of toiletries, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, lack of privacy for toilet, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities   4,600     32492/24 24/10/2024 Roman Viktorovych BOYARYNTSEV   Kyiv Pre-Trial Detention Facility 09/06/2023 pending More than 2 year(s) and 3 month(s) and 28 day(s) 2.5-2.6 m² overcrowding, passive smoking, inadequate temperature, lack of fresh air, lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of privacy for toilet, lack of toiletries, mouldy or dirty cell, no or restricted access to shower, no or restricted access to warm water, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities   5,500     33078/24 21/10/2024 Oleksandr Yuriyovych SHATSKYY   Kyiv Pre-Trial Detention Facility 13/09/2019 pending More than 6 year(s) and 24 day(s) 2.5-3 m² overcrowding, insufficient number of sleeping places, no or restricted access to shower, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, inadequate temperature, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, no or restricted access to warm water, lack of fresh air, passive smoking, lack of privacy for toilet Art. 6 (1) - excessive length of criminal proceedings - 24/04/2018 - pending, 2 levels of jurisdiction (see Nechay v. Ukraine, no. 15360/10, §§ 67-79, 1 July 2021),   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of excessive length of criminal proceedings - see Nechay v. Ukraine, no. 15360/10, §§ 67-79, 1 July 2021 9,800     33553/24 30/10/2024 Dmytro Mykolayovych SAMOKHVALOV   Kyiv Pre-Trial Detention Facility 18/03/2022 pending More than 3 year(s) and 6 month(s) and 19 day(s) 2.6-2.9 m² overcrowding, lack of fresh air, inadequate temperature, lack of toiletries, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of privacy for toilet   7,500     919/25 13/12/2024 Kateryna Vsevolodivna USHYNSKA   Kyiv Pre-Trial Detention Facility 12/07/2022 pending More than 3 year(s) and 2 month(s) and 25 day(s) 2.6 m² overcrowding, mouldy or dirty cell, no or restricted access to shower, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, inadequate temperature, no or restricted access to warm water, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, passive smoking, lack of privacy for toilet, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities   7,100     1038/25 20/12/2024 Volodymyr Petrovych RUD   Kyiv Pre-Trial Detention Facility 24/08/2023 pending More than 2 year(s) and 1 month(s) and 13 day(s) 2.5 - 3 m² overcrowding, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, inadequate temperature, passive smoking, lack of fresh air, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, lack of privacy for toilet Art. 5 (3) - excessive length of pre-trial detention - 15/07/2020 - 04/10/2022 and 05/07/2023 - 22/10/2024, insufficient reasons given for pre-trial detention (see Kharchenko v. Ukraine, no. 40107/02, §§ 77-81, 10 February 2011, Ignatov v. Ukraine, 40583/15, §§ 38-42, 15 December 2016) 6,700   [1] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants.