36789/21;37908/21;38370/21;39028/21;40132/21;40138/21;46233/21;51059/21;51397/21;56617/21;1098/22;4245/22;5132/22;7987/22;31739/22;43960/22;44437/22;44590/22;45804/22;47345/22;50664/22;3121/23;4704/23

THIRD SECTION CASE OF MIKHAYLOVA AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA (Applications nos. 36789/21 and 22 others – see appended list)             JUDGMENT   STRASBOURG 13 November 2025     This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Mikhaylova and Others v. Russia, The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:  Úna Ní Raifeartaigh, President,  Mateja Đurović,  Vasilka Sancin, judges, and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 23 October 2025, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.  The case originated in applications against Russia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) on the various dates indicated in the appended table. 2.  The Russian Government (“the Government”) were given notice of the applications. THE FACTS 3.  The list of applicants and the relevant details of the applications are set out in the appended table. 4.  The applicants complained of the disproportionate measures taken against them as organisers or participants of public assemblies in St Petersburg in connection with their participation in various public events in breach of regional COVID-19-related restrictions. The applicants also raised other complaints under the provisions of the Convention. THE LAW JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS 5.  Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment. JURISDICTION 6.  The Court observes that the facts giving rise to the alleged violations of the Convention occurred prior to 16 September 2022, the date on which the Russian Federation ceased to be a party to the Convention. The Court therefore decides that it has jurisdiction to examine the present applications (see Fedotova and Others v. Russia [GC], nos. 40792/10 and 2 others, §§ 68‑73, 17 January 2023). ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 11 OF THE CONVENTION 7.  The applicants complained principally of disproportionate measures taken against them as organisers or participants of public assemblies in connection with their participation in various public events in breach of COVID-19-related restrictions, namely their arrest in relation to the dispersal of these assemblies and their conviction for administrative offences. They relied, expressly or in substance, on Article 11 of the Convention. 8.  The Court refers to the principles established in its case-law regarding freedom of assembly (see Kudrevičius and Others v. Lithuania [GC], no. 37553/05, ECHR 2015, with further references) and proportionality of interference with it (see Oya Ataman v. Turkey, no. 74552/01, ECHR 2006‑XIV, and Hyde Park and Others v. Moldova, no. 33482/06, 31 March 2009). 9.  In the leading case of Nemytov and Others v. Russia, nos. 1257/21 and 2 others, §§ 136-51, 27 May 2025, the Court found a violation of Article 11 in respect of issues similar to those in the present case (see further Frumkin v. Russia, no. 74568/12, ECHR 2016 (extracts), Navalnyy and Yashin v. Russia, no. 76204/11, 4 December 2014 and Kasparov and Others v. Russia, no. 21613/07, 3 October 2013). 10.  Having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion as to the admissibility and merits of these complaints. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant case the interferences with the applicants’ freedom of assembly were not “necessary in a democratic society”. 11.  These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article 11 of the Convention. OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS UNDER WELL-ESTABLISHED CASE-LAW 12.  Some applicants submitted other complaints which also raised issues under the Convention and its Protocols, given the relevant well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table). These complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention, nor are they inadmissible on any other ground. Accordingly, they must be declared admissible. 13.  Having examined all the material before it, the Court concludes that these complaints also disclose violations of the Convention and its Protocols in the light of its findings in Butkevich v. Russia, no. 5865/07, §§ 63-65, 13 February 2018, Tsvetkova and Others v. Russia, nos. 54381/08 and 5 others, §§ 115-31, 10 April 2018, and Korneyeva v. Russia, no. 72051/17, §§ 34-36, 8 October 2019, as to various aspects of unlawful deprivation of liberty of organisers or participants of public assemblies; Karelin v. Russia, no. 926/08, §§ 58-85, 20 September 2016, concerning the absence of a prosecuting party in the proceedings under the Code of Administrative Offences (the CAO); and Martynyuk v. Russia, no. 13764/15, §§ 38-42, 8 October 2019, relating to the lack of suspensive effect of an appeal against the sentence of administrative detention. REMAINING COMPLAINTS 14.  Some applicants raised further additional complaints under Article 6 of the Convention concerning other aspects of fairness of the administrative-offence proceedings. In view of the findings in paragraphs 9-13 above, the Court considers that there is no need to deal separately with these remaining complaints. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION 15.  Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case‑law (see in particular Navalnyy and Others v. Russia [Committee], nos. 25809/17 and 14 others, § 22, 4 October 2022), the Court finds it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table. FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY, Decides to join the applications; Holds that it has jurisdiction to deal with these applications as they relate to facts that took place before 16 September 2022; Declares the complaints under Article 11 of the Convention and the other complaints under the well-established case-law of the Court, as set out in the appended table, admissible, and finds that there is no need to examine separately the remaining complaints under Article 6 of the Convention; Holds that these applications disclose a breach of Article 11 of the Convention; Holds that there has been a violation of the Convention and the Protocols thereto as regards the other complaints raised under the well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table); Holds (a)  that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement; (b)  that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points. Done in English, and notified in writing on 13 November 2025, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.    Viktoriya Maradudina Úna Ní Raifeartaigh  Acting Deputy Registrar President     APPENDIX List of applications raising complaints under Article 11 of the Convention (disproportionate measures against organisers and participants of public assemblies) No. Application no. Date of introduction Applicant’s name Year of birth   Representative’s name and location Name of the public event Location Date Administrative / criminal offence Penalty Final domestic decision Court Name Date Other complaints under well‑established case-law Amount awarded for pecuniary and non‑pecuniary damage and costs and expenses per applicant (in euros)[1]     36789/21 05/07/2021 Yelena Vladimirovna MIKHAYLOVA   Gerasimov Dmitriy Georgiyevich St Petersburg Rally to support A. Navalnyy   St Petersburg   31/01/2021 article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO administrative detention of 10 days St Petersburg City Court 09/02/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 31/01/2021 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings,   Prot. 7 Art. 2 - delayed review of conviction by a higher tribunal - lack of suspensive effect of an appeal against the sentence of detention, the applicant started serving his detention immediately after the pronouncement of the sentence by the first-instance trial court 5,000     37908/21 16/07/2021 Margarita Igorevna BRANT   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally in support of A. Navalnyy   St Petersburg   31/01/2021 article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO fine of RUB 15,000 St Petersburg City Court 11/03/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention – arrest, escorting to the police station, detention on 31/01/2021 for compiling an offence report,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000     38370/21 02/07/2021 Dmitriy Sergeyevich DOLGIKH   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally to support A. Navalnyy   St Petersburg   31/01/2021 article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO fine of RUB 15,000 St Petersburg City Court 02/03/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 31/01/2021 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000     39028/21 22/07/2021 Dmitriy Petrovich BURAKOV   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally in support of A. Navalnyy   St. Petersburg   31/01/2021 article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO fine of RUB 15,000 St. Petersburg City Court 01/06/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - arrest and detention on 31/01/2021 for the sole purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000     40132/21 23/07/2021 Aleksiy Vladimirovich ESAULENKO   Cherkasov Vitaliy Viktorovich St Petersburg Rally in support of A. Navalnyy   St Petersburg   23/01/2021 article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 St Petersburg City Court 02/03/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention- arrest, escorting to a police station, detention (i) from 6.30 p.m. to 9.30 p.m. on 23/01/2021, for the sole purpose of drawing up an administrative offence record - detention discontinued as the applicant was transferred to a hospital on the same date; and (ii) immediately after his discharge from the hospital, from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. on 25/01/2021, as administrative suspect,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000     40138/21 23/07/2021 Anastasiya Vadimovna PEREVOZCHIKOVA   Cherkasov Vitaliy Viktorovich St Petersburg Rally in support of A. Navalnyy   St Petersburg   23/01/2021 article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 St Petersburg City Court 02/03/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - arrest, escorting to a police station, detention (i) from 6.30 p.m. to 9.30 p.m. on 23/01/2021, for the sole purpose of drawing up an administrative offence record - detention discontinued as the applicant was transferred to a hospital on the same date; and (ii) immediately after her discharge from the hospital, from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. on 25/01/2021, as administrative suspect,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000     46233/21 01/09/2021 Andrey Maryanovich ANDRUKOVICH   Peredruk Aleksandr Dmitriyevich St Petersburg Rally in support of A. Navalnyy   St Petersburg   31/01/2021 article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO administrative detention of 10 days St Petersburg City Court 02/03/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - arrest, escorting to a police station, detention between 31/01/2021 to 01/02/2021 as administrative suspect, pending trial and after the offence record had been compiled,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceeding,   Prot. 7 Art. 2 - delayed review of conviction by a higher tribunal - the sentence of administrative detention imposed on the applicant on 01/02/2021 was executed immediately, on account of the lack of suspensive effect of an appeal under the CAO 5,000     51059/21 05/10/2021 Bogdan Gennadyevich LITVIN   Loktev Sergey Aleksandrovich St Petersburg Rally (performance) to support Twitter   St Petersburg   30/03/2021 article 20.2 § 2 of CAO administrative detention of 7 days St Petersburg City Court 06/04/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 30/03/2021 and 01/04/2021 escorting to and detention in a police station for and after compiling an offence report,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 5,000     51397/21 30/09/2021 Yaroslav Aleksandrovich KUVYATKIN   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally in support of A. Navalnyy   St Petersburg   31/01/2021 article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO fine of RUB 15,000 St Petersburg City Court 06/04/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - on 31/01/2021 escorting to a police station for compiling an offence report,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000   56617/21 27/10/2021 Dmitriy Viktorovich DELOV   MOO MEMORIAL Human Rights Centre St Petersburg Rally in support of A. Navalnyy   St Petersburg   31/01/2021 article 20.2.2. § 1 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 St Petersburg City Court 27/04/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station on 31/01/2021 for and after compiling an offence report,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000   1098/22 17/12/2021 Ilya Alekseyevich POTAPENKO   Memorial Human Rights Centre Moscow Rally in support of A. Navalnyy   St Petersburg   02/02/2021 article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 St Petersburg City Court 24/06/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station on 03/02/2021 for and after compiling an offence report,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000   4245/22 21/12/2021 Grigoriy Nikolayevich KUDRYASHOV       Rally in support of A. Navalnyy   St. Petersburg   31/01/2021 article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 St. Petersburg City Court 22/06/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - arrest, escorting to a police station, detention on 31/01/2021 for the sole purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000   5132/22 30/12/2021 Tatyana Vladimirovna NOVIKOVA   Zyryanova Mariya Sergeyevna St Petersburg Rally in support of A. Navalnyy   St Petersburg   31/01/2021 article 20.2.2. § 1 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 St Petersburg City Court 10/08/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - arrest, escorting to a police station, detention on 31/01/2021, for the sole purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings   4,000   7987/22 13/01/2022 Andrey Vladimirovich KOCHEMASOV   Karagodina Veronika Yuryevna St Petersburg Rally in support of A. Navalnyy   St Petersburg   31/01/2021 article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO  fine of RUB 10,000 St Petersburg City Court 15/07/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - arrest, escorting to a police station, detention on 31/01/2021 for the sole purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000   31739/22 07/06/2022 Yelena Sergeyevna SOKOLOVA   Semenov Daniil Aleksandrovich St Petersburg Rally in support of A. Navalnyy   St Petersburg   31/01/2021 article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO fine of RUB 20,000 St Petersburg City Court 07/12/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention – arrest, escorting to a police station, detention on 31/01/2021 for the sole purpose of drawing up an offence report,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000   43960/22 18/08/2022 Ilya Sergeyevich KOLMAKOV   Zyryanova Mariya Sergeyevna St Petersburg Anti-war rally   St Petersburg   06/03/2022 article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO  fine of RUB 10,000 St Petersburg City Court 19/04/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention – arrest, escorting to a police station, detention on 06/03/2022 for the sole purpose of drawing up an offence report,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000   44437/22 19/08/2022 Anna Kirillovna SMAZNOVA   Ivanov Nikifor Yuryevich St Petersburg Anti-war rally   St Petersburg   24/02/2022 article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO fine of RUB 5,000 St Petersburg City Court 19/04/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - arrest, escorting to a police station, detention on 24/02/2022 for the sole purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000   44590/22 18/08/2022 Artem Anatolyevich ANDREYEV   Ivanov Nikifor Yuryevich St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   24/02/2022 article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO fine of RUB 5,000 St Petersburg City Court 19/04/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - arrest, escorting to and detention at the police station on 24/02/2022 for the sole purpose of drawing up an offence report,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000   45804/22 25/08/2022 Tatyana Sergeyevna ROSTALNAYA       Anti-war rally   St Petersburg   27/02/2022 article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 St Petersburg City Court 26/04/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - arrest, escorting to and detention at the police station on 27/02/2022 for the sole purpose of compiling an offence report,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000   47345/22 14/09/2022 Daniil Sergeyevich GRACHEV   Gerasimova Yekaterina Viktorovna St Petersburg Anti-war rally   St Petersburg   02/03/2022 article 20.2.2. § 1 of CAO fine of RUB 15,000 St Petersburg City Court 31/05/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station on 02/03/2022 for compiling an offence record,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000   50664/22 30/09/2022 Dmitriy Yevgenyevich POPOV   Baranova Natalya Andreyevna Moscow Anti-war rally   St Petersburg   28/02/2022 article 20.2 § 2 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 St Petersburg City Court 31/05/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - arrest, escorting to a police station, detention on 28/02/2022 for the sole purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000   3121/23 23/12/2022 Andrey Grigoryevich BARANYUK   Shiolashvili Mikhail Germanovich St Petersburg Anti-war rally   St Petersburg   27/02/2022 article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO fine of RUB 10,000 St Petersburg City Court 25/08/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - arrest, escorting to a police station, detention on 27/02/2022 for the sole purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000   4704/23 05/01/2023 Yuliya Aleksandrovna PANFILOVA   Shiolashvili Mikhail Germanovich St Petersburg Anti-war rally   St Petersburg   27/02/2022 article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO fine of RUB 15,000 St Petersburg City Court 27/10/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - arrest, escorting to a police station and detention on 27/02/2022 for the sole purpose of drawing a record of administrative offence 4,000   [1] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants.